CHAPTER 15 - PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS
Terms
- DiagnosisBa way of classifying an illness
- EtiologyBrefers to the apparent cause and developmental history of an illness
- PrognosisBpredicted course of an illness
Criteria for Abnormality
1. Unusual
2. Violates social norms
3. Poor reality perception
4. Personal distress
5. Maladaptiveness
6. Dangerousness
**deviance
**maladaptive behavior
**personal distress
A. Normality
B. Classification
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM)
DSM-IV - multiaxial system
Axis IB clinical syndromes
Axis IIB personality disorders &
mental retardation
Axis IIIB general medical conditions
Axis IV Bpsychosocial and environmental factors
Axis VB Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF)
C. Medical Model: Abnormal behavior = a disease
II. Anxiety
A. Generalized Anxiety Disorder
B. Phobias
C. Panic Disorder
D. Agoraphobia
E. Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
- Obsessions = thoughts
- Compulsions = behaviors
F. Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
Etiology of Anxiety Disorders
1. Biology
2. Learning History
- Mowrer's Two-Factor Theory
3. Child-Rearing
4 Cognitive Factors
Mood Disorders
Depressive Disorders
Bipolar Disorders (Manic Depressive)
Etiology of Mood Disorders
Biological predisposition
Neurochemical factors
Cognitive factors
Personality
Precipitating stressor (diathesis stress)
Substance Related Disorders
Substance AbuseB a maladaptive pattern of substance use leading to impairment or distress
Substance Dependence -
Criteria
1. Psychological dependenceBrepeated use despite significant related problems
2. Impairment in social or work functioning from use
3. Physiological dependence (tolerance & withdrawal)
4. various substances
Etiology
1. Physiological
2. Psychological
Eating Disorders
A. Anorexia NervosaB
$ prevalence rates: .5 to 1% of young women
B. Bulimia Nervosa
$ prevalence rates: 1% to 3% among young females
$ highly culturally specific:
Etiology of Eating Disorders
A. Biological Dimensions
--NOT precipitating anorexia, but do play a role in maintaining anorexia
Bgenetic factors
Bneurotransmitters
B. Socio-cultural factors
$ link between self-worth, happiness, and success and physical appearance, especially for white women
$ dieting culture
C. Family Influences
D. Psychological Factors
anorexia: avoidance of harm, perfectionism, low novelty
bulimia: mood swings, less impulse control
Treatment for Eating Disorders
Somatoform Disorders
- Somatoform disorder = physical problems with psychological origin
- Psychosomatic disorders = physical problems with physical and psychological bases
- Malingering = faking an illness
Somatization Disorder
Conversion Disorder
Hypochondriasis
Etiology of Somatoform Disorders
1. Biology
2. Personality
Dissociative Disorders
- Loss of sense of identity, via loss of memory or consciousness
Psychogenic Amnesia
Psychogenic Fugue
Dissociative Identity Disorder
-
Etiology of Dissociative Disorders
1. Severe stress (childhood trauma)
2. Avoid facing problems by repressing their existence
3. Ability to hypnotize self
Schizophrenia - Split Mind
**Cognitive Disturbance
- Poor Reality Contact
Course of Schizophrenia
Prodromal phase
Acute phase
Residual phase
Etiology of Schizophrenic Disorders
1. Physiological
- genetic predisposition
- increased dopamine activity
- neurological defects?
2. Psychological
- Fragmented communication in the family
- High expressed emotion
Personality Disorders C rigid, maladaptive, extreme personality patterns
Anxious/Fearful cluster
1. Avoidant
2. Dependent
3. Obsessive-Compulsive
Odd/Eccentric cluster
1. Schizoid
2. Schizotypal
3. Paranoid
Dramatic/Impulsive cluster
1. Histrionic
2. Narcissistic
3. Borderline
4. Antisocial
Etiology
1. Genetic Predisposition
2. Poor socialization
3. Lack of consistent limits
Suicide
Prevalence
- Tenth highest cause of deaths in US
- Underestimated - accidents
- Outranks murder
Demographics
1. Sex
2. Age
3. Marriage
4. Occupation
Myths
- Only committed by people with severe psychological disorders
- People who talk won't do it
- Suicides usually occur with no warning
- Suicides really mean to die