Unit 9: Guided Reading Notes: Pg. 534-562 Name: ______Period: _____
History of Prints:
1. The first systematic attempt at personal identification was devised by, ______in 1883.
2. The Bertillon system relied on a detailed description of the subject as wells a system of precise body measurement known as ______.
3. The use of fingerprints dates back to the ______who used them to sign legal ______.
4. In 1892, ______published the classic textbook ______, the first book of its kind on the subject. In the book, Galton discussed the anatomy of a print and suggested methods of recording them. He also proposed assigning fingerprints to three pattern types - ______, ______, and ______.
5. In 1891, Dr. ______devised a ______system capable filing thousands of prints in a logical and searchable sequence. It is still used today in most Spanish speaking countries.
6. In 1897, Sir ______proposed another classification system that was adopted by ______. Most English speaking countries use a version of this system.
7. In the US, the first systematic use of fingerprints for identification was adopted by the ______in 1901, and was used to certify job applications.
8. The ______had the largest collection of fingerprints in the world.
9. The admissibility of fingerprint evidence was challenged in 1999 in the case of U.S. v. ______, where the defense argued fingerprints could not be proven unique.
Fundamental Principles of Fingerprints:
10. First Principle: Fingerprint is an ______characteristic; No two fingers have yet found to possess identical ______.
11. According to Galton, mathematical models show there are possibly ______billion possible fingerprints in existence.
12. The individuality of a fingerprint is determined by ridge characteristics, also known as ______. The average fingerprint has over ______individual ridge characteristics. Only ______to ______are considered sufficient to meet the criteria of individuality.
13. Second Principle: A fingerprint remains ______during an individual’s life.
14. Fingerprints are a reproduction of ______skin ridges. These surfaces on our hands and feet to provide us with a firm grasp and a resistance to slippage.
15. Each skin ridge is populated by a row of pores which ______is discharged. Perspiration, along with oils picked up by touch, is transferred onto a surface leaving an invisible print known as a ______fingerprint.
16. Third Principle: Fingerprints have general ridge patterns that permit them to be ______.
17. All fingerprints are divided into three classes: ______, ______, ______.
18. 65% of the population have ______, 30-35% have ______, and 5% have ______,
19. Loops:A loop must have one or more ______enter from one side of the print, recurve, and exit on the same side.
20. If the loop opens to the little finger, it’s called a ______loop. If it opens toward the thumb, it is a ______loop.
21. The pattern area of the loop is surrounded by two diverging ridges known as ______lines. A ______forms where two type lines diverge. All loops must have one delta.
22. Whorls: Are divided into four groups, ______, ______, ______, and ______. All whorl patterns must have type lines and at least 2 ______.
23. A plain and central pocket whorl have at least one ridge that makes a complete ______. If an imaginary line drawn between two deltas touches any of the spiral ridges it is a ______whorl. If it does not touch, it is a ______loop whorl.
24. A ______loop is made up of two loops combined into one fingerprint. A ______whorl contains two or more patterns or is a pattern not covered by other categories.
25. Arches:The ______common pattern is divided into two groups’ ______arches and ______arches. The plain arch is formed by ridges enter one side and ______the other. These ridges tend to ______in the center forming a ______pattern. The tented arch is similar, except there is a ______up thrust or meets at an angle less than ______. Arches do not have ______, ______, or ______
Classification of fingerprints:
26. The original Henry system, which converted ______patterns on all 10 fingers into a series of ______and ______arranged in the form of a ______, could only accommodate files of up to only ______sets of prints.
27. Due to the ever-increasing number of prints to classify, the ______system was established.
28. The first classification step of the FBI system is ______classification, which assigns a value to each finger based on the presence or absence of the ______pattern.
Methods of detecting prints:
29. ______prints are made by fingers touching a surface after the ridges have been in contact with a colored material such as ______, paint, grease, or ______.
30. ______prints are ridge impressions left on a ______material such as ______, wax, ______, or ______;
31. ______prints are invisible prints caused by the transfer of body ______or oils.
32. A Reflected Ultraviolet Imaging System can locate most prints on most ______surfaces without the aid of chemical or powder treatments.
33. To develop latent prints criminalists may use fingerprint ______s that are applied lightly with a ______hair or fiberglass brush. These powders adhere to the residues and oils left on the surface.
34. ______and ______powders the are considered adequate for most latent-prints due to the amount of color ______with the surface being dusted.
35. Gray powders are composed of ______dust, while Black powders are generally composed of ______or ______.
36. Two other types of powders include ______sensitive powders as well as ______powders which fluoresce under UV light.
37. The oldest method chemical method used for visualizing latent prints is ______. Iodine crystals, when heated, transform into vapor without passing through liquid phase. This is known as ______.
38. Iodine vapors combine with constituents of the print to make it visible. Unfortunately iodine prints are not ______.
39. ______can be sprayed on a latent print causing a chemical reaction with amino acids in trace amounts of ______turning the print a ______color. Ninhydrin can be used on ______surfaces. Ninhydrin has been used on latent prints as old as 15 years.
40. ______developer is a ______based liquid reagent. This technique is effective on porous articles that may have been ______at one time. Unfortunately developer washes away any traces of ______from an objects surface, eliminating the use of other chemical reagents that can be used.
41. ______fuming is widely used on nonporous surfaces such as ______, electrical tape, leather, and plastic bags. The main ingredient of super glue, ______interacts and visualizes the latent print, usually producing a ______colored print.
42. DFO when applied to a porous surface, visualizes a print when exposed to an ______light source. DFO has been shown to be more effective than Ninhydrin when developing latent prints on ______.
Preservation of Developed Prints
43. Once a latent print has been visualized, it must be permanently preserved. A ______must be taken before any further attempt of preservation are made.
44. A common method for preserving prints developed with a powder is lifting with ______tape.
45. ______Imaging is a process through which a picture is converted into a series of ______electronic dots known as ______. This type of imaging can be used to ______fingerprints.
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