Chapter 14
Dynamics of Behavior in Organizations
True/False Questions
1.The concepts and principles of OB are important to managers because in every organization human being ultimately make the decision that controls how the organization will acquire and use resources.
Answer: TrueLevel: 2Page: 512Type: F
2.Organizational behavior is an interdisciplinary field dedicated to the study of how individuals and groups tend to act in organizations.
Answer: TrueLevel:1Page: 512Type: F
3.Work behavior that goes beyond job requirements and contributes as needed to the organization’s success, refers to organizational achievement.
Answer: FalseLevel:1Page: 512Type: F
4.One important step for managers is recognizing and understanding the components of attitudes, which is important when attempting to change attitudes.
Answer: TrueLevel:2Page: 513Type: F
5.When Paul remarks, "I love my classes this semester," it reflects the cognitive element of attitude.
Answer: FalseLevel: 3Page: 513Type: A
6.A positive attitude towards one's job is called cognitive attitude.
Answer: FalseLevel: 1Page: 513Type: F
7.As a general rule, changing one component of an attitude can contribute to an overall change in attitude.
Answer: TrueLevel: 2Page: 514Type: F
8.Job satisfaction is work behavior that goes beyond job requirements and contributes as needed to the organization's success.
Answer: FalseLevel: 1Page: 515Type: F
9.Organizations don’t want to lose talented, highly skilled workers, so they try to create an atmosphere of job satisfaction.
Answer: TrueLevel:2Page: 515Type: F
10.The link between satisfaction and performance, according to research, is generally small and is affected by other factors.
Answer: TrueLevel: 2Page: 515Type: F
11.A condition in which two attitudes or a behavior and an attitude conflict is called intra-organization conflict.
Answer: FalseLevel: 2Page: 518Type: F
12.Attribution is the cognitive process people use to make sense out of the environment by selecting, organizing, and interpreting information.
Answer: FalseLevel:2Page: 518Type: F
13.Organizing the selected data into patterns for interpretation and response is the last step in the perception process.
Answer: TrueLevel:2Page: 519Type: F
14.Advertising is an obvious application of selective perception.
Answer: TrueLevel: 2Page: 519Type: F
15.Proximity is the tendency to group sensory data because they are alike in some way.
Answer: FalseLevel: 1Page: 521Type: F
16.A halo blinds the perceiver to other attributes that should be used in generating a more complete assessment.
Answer: TrueLevel: 2Page: 521Type: F
17.The tendency to see one’s own personal traits in other people refers to attribution.
Answer: FalseLevel:2Page: 521Type: F
18.From attributions viewpoint, if the behavior is in consensus, the perceiver will probably respond to similar situations in the same way.
Answer: TrueLevel:2Page: 522Type: F
19.From attributions viewpoint, if the behavior is distinctive, the perceiver probably will make an internal attribution.
Answer: FalseLevel: 2Page: 522Type: F
20.Agreeableness refers to the degree to which a person is sociable, talkative, assertive, and comfortable with interpersonal relationships.
Answer: FalseLevel: 1Page: 523Type: F
21.People give themselves too much credit for what they do well and give external forces too much blame when they fail refers to the self-serving bias.
Answer: TrueLevel: 1Page: 523Type: F
22.Teresa is highly imaginative and an artistically sensitive individual who displays a high degree of creativity. According to the Big Five personality factors, these qualities describe her openness to experience.
Answer: TrueLevel: 2Page: 523Type: A
23.People have a high external locus of control when they feel in control of their own fate.
Answer: FalseLevel: 1Page: 527Type: F
24.People with an external locus of control are harder to motivate but easier to lead.
Answer: TrueLevel: 3Page: 527Type: F
25.Low Machs are particularly good in jobs that require bargaining skills or that involve substantial rewards for winning.
Answer: FalseLevel: 2Page: 529Type: F
26.According to Jung, people who would prefer to work with known facts and hard data and prefer routine and order in gathering information are called intuitive-type people.
Answer: FalseLevel: 2Page: 529Type: F
27.Machiavellianism is the tendency to direct much on one’s behavior toward the acquisition of power and the manipulation of other people for purely personal gain.
Answer: TrueLevel:1Page: 529Type: F
28.Studies show that the sensation-thinking combination characterizes many managers in Western industrialized societies.
Answer: TrueLevel: 2Page: 530Type: F
29.The extent to which a person's ability and personality matches the requirements of a job is called person-job fit.
Answer: TrueLevel: 1Page: 531Type: F
30.Experience is the gradual change in behavior or performance that occurs as the result of learning.
Answer: FalseLevel:2Page: 532Type: F
31.Research shows that an individual's personality has no affect on how they respond to stressors.
Answer: FalseLevel: 2Page: 535Type: F
32.When the level of stress is high relative to a person's coping resources, stress can be a positive force, stimulating desirable change and achievement.
Answer: FalseLevel: 2Page: 536Type: F
33.Extreme competitiveness, impatience, aggressiveness, and devotion to work are included in Type B behavior pattern.
Answer: FalseLevel: 1Page: 536Type: F
34.Uncertainty about what behaviors are expected of a person in a particular role is called role ambiguity.
Answer: TrueLevel: 1Page: 537Type: F
35.When two or more individuals perceive that their attitudes or goals are in opposition, intrapersonal conflict occurs.
Answer: FalseLevel: 2Page: 537Type: F
Multiple Choice Questions
1.An interdisciplinary field dedicated to the study of how individuals and groups tend to act in organizations is called
a.sociology.
b.vocational counseling.
c.cultural anthropology.
d.psychology.
e.organizational behavior.
Answer: eLevel: 1Page: 512Type: F
2.______refers to work behavior that goes beyond job requirements and contributes as needed to the organization's success.
a.Job satisfaction
b.Organizational citizenship
c.Cognitive dissonance
d.Job involvement
e.Organizational Commitment
Answer: bLevel: 1 Page: 512Type: F
3.An evaluation that predisposes a person to act in a certain way is called a(n)
a.attitude.
b.authoritarianism.
c.perception.
d.projection.
e.personality.
Answer: aLevel: 1Page: 513Type: F
4.The ______is the beliefs, opinions, and information a person has about the object of an attitude.
a.affective component
b.feeling component
c.cognitive component
d.behavioral component
e.dissonance aspect of attitude
Answer: cLevel: 2Page: 513Type: F
5.When Marsha remarks that she loves the classes she is taking this semester, it refers to which component of attitude?
a.Knowledge
b.Behavior
c.Dissonance
d.Affect
e.Cognitions
Answer: dLevel: 2Page: 513Type: A
6.Keisha, a senior at MorganUniversity, believes that it is okay to get at "B" but more important to learn in a class than get an easy "A" without learning. Keisha’s belief reflects which component of attitude?
a.Behavior
b.Affect
c.Dissonance
d.Feeling
e.Cognitions
Answer: eLevel: 3Page: 513Type: A
7.A positive attitude towards one's job refers to
a.organizational citizenship.
b.job satisfaction.
c.cognitive dissonance.
d.organizational commitment.
e.job involvement.
Answer: bLevel: 1Page: 515Type: F
8.People generally experience ______when their work matches their needs and interests, when working conditions and rewards (such as pay) are satisfactory, and when the employees like their co-workers.
- job involvement
- extroversion
- cognitive dissonance
- machiavellianism
- job satisfaction
Answer: eLevel: 2Page: 515Type: F
9.______is especially important in a tight labor market, which forces employers to compete harder to attract and keep good workers.
- Dissonance
- Job involvement
- Organizational commitment
- Organizational citizenship
- Job satisfaction
Answer: cLevel:2Page: 516Type: F
10.Which of the following refers to loyalty to the heavy involvement in the organization?
a.Organization citizenship
b.Job satisfaction
c.Dissonance
d.Organizational commitment
e.Job involvement
Answer: dLevel: 1Page: 516Type: F
11.Ed is a top executive at a cigarette manufacturing company who believes that cigarettes are dangerous products and they kill people. This condition can be described as
a.job involvement.
b.extroversion.
c.cognitive dissonance.
d.machiavellianism.
e.job satisfaction.
Answer: cLevel: 3Page: 518Type: A
12.The cognitive process people use to make sense out of the environment by selecting, organizing, and interpreting information is called
- selective retention.
- dissonance.
- attitude.
- perception.
- personality.
Answer: dLevel:2Page: 519Type: F
13.Which of the following is the process by which individuals screen and select the various objects and stimuli that vie for their attention?
a.Person-job fit
b.Perceptual selectivity
c.Organizational citizenry
d.Projection
e.Perceptual grouping
Answer: bLevel: 1Page: 519Type: F
14.Which of the following describes the last step in the perception process?
- Observing information
- Screening the information
- Selecting what to process
- Organizing the selected data into patterns
- Transmitting the observed information
Answer: dLevel:2Page: 519Type: F
15.All of these characteristics relate to the stimuli EXCEPT
a.contrast.
b.familiarity.
c.novelty.
d.size.
e.primacy.
Answer: eLevel: 2Page: 520Type: F
16.______supports the old truism that first impressions are important.
a.Contrast
b.Values and beliefs
c.Primacy
d.Personality
e.Recency
Answer: cLevel: 2Page: 520Type: F
17.Derek wants to look his best when he goes for interviewing. He is focusing on which of these perceiver's characteristics?
a.Contrast
b.Personality
c.Needs and motivation
dPrimacy
e.Recency
Answer: dLevel: 3Page: 520Type: A
18.The process by which people categorize stimuli based on broad generalizations is called:
a.the halo effect.
b.perceptual organization.
c.attributions.
d.perceptual distortion.
e.perceptual selectivity.
Answer: blevel: 1Page: 521Type: F
19.An overall impression of a person or situation based on one attribute, either favorable or unfavorable, is an example of
- projection.
- the halo effect.
- perceptual defense.
- stereotyping.
- attribution.
Answer: bLevel:1Page: 521Type: F
20.______is the tendency to assign an individual to a group or broad category and then to attribute widely held generalizations about the group to the individual.
a.Stereotyping
b.Projection
c.Figure-ground
d.The halo effect
e.Perceptual defense
Answer: aLevel: 1Page: 521Type: F
21.When John evaluates Amy Jo’s performance and gives her outstanding based on his knowledge that she came to work everyday earlier than anyone else and therefore she is extremely hardworking. John is making which of these errors in perceptual judgment?
a.Perceptual defense
b.Projection
c.Stereotyping
d.The halo effect
e.Figure-ground
Answer: dLevel: 2Page: 521Type: A
22.______refers to the tendency to see one's own personal traits in other people.
a.Perceptual defense
b.Projection
c.Stereotyping
d.The halo effect
e.Figure-ground
Answer: bLevel: 1Page: 521Type: F
23.An example of ______would be someone who hates dealing with conflict because they had grown up with parents who constantly argued and often put them in the middle of their arguments.
- perceptual defense
- attribution
- projection
- halo effect
- stereotyping
Answer: bLevel:2Page: 521Type: F
24.Mechanisms for perceptual grouping includes all of these EXCEPT
a.distortion.
b.continuity.
c.similarity.
d.closure.
e.proximity.
Answer: aLevel: 2Page: 522Type: F
25.Which of the following attribution factors describes whether a person who has observed others handle situations in the same way he would?
- Distinctiveness
- Consensus
- Consistency
- Conscientiousness
- Agreeableness
Answer: bLevel:1Page: 522Type: F
26.The tendency to underestimate the influence of external factors on another's behavior and to overestimate the influence of internal factors is called
a.perceptual distortion.
b.closure activity.
c.the fundamental attribution error.
d.stereotyping.
e.perceptual grouping.
Answer: cLevel: 1Page: 522Type: F
27.The tendency to overestimate the contribution of internal factors to one’s successes and the contribution of external factors to one’s failures is a result of
- self-serving bias.
- openness to experience.
- over stability.
- emotional plateau.
- machiavellianism.
Answer: aLevel:1Page: 523Type: F
28.Which of these refers to the set of characteristics that underlie a relatively stable pattern of behavior in response to ideas, objects, or people in the environment?
a.Dissonance
b.Personality
c.Halo effect
d.Attitude
e.Perception
Answer: bLevel: 1Page: 523Type: F
29.The Big Five personality factors includes all of these EXCEPT
a.extroversion.
b.conscientiousness.
c.emotional stability.
d.locus of control.
e.agreeableness.
Answer: dLevel: 1Page: 523Type: F
30.Mary is a talkative, assertive, and sociable individual who is very comfortable with interpersonal relationships. This describes which quality of Mary?
a.Machiavellianism
b.Conscientiousness
c.Agreeableness
d.Emotional stability
e.Extroversion
Answer: eLevel: 2Page: 523Type: A
31.Drew is a trusting and forgiving individual who gets along with others because of being good-natured and cooperative. This describes which of the Big Five personality factors?
a.Agreeableness
b.Conscientiousness
c.Emotional stability
d.Openness to experience
e.Extroversion
Answer: aLevel: 2Page: 523Type: A
32.______refers to the degree to which a person is focused on a few goals, thus behaving in ways that are responsible, dependable, persistent, and achievement oriented.
a.Agreeableness
b.Conscientiousness
c.Emotional stability
d.Openness to experience
e.Extroversion
Answer: bLevel: 2Page: 523Type: A
33.If Ty is tense, nervous, depressed and insecure, he would tend to be rated as low on which of these factors?
a.Agreeableness
b.Conscientiousness
c.Emotional stability
d.Openness to experience
e.Extroversion
Answer: cLevel: 2Page: 523Type: A
34.White Water, Inc. is looking for an individual who has a broad range of interests and is imaginative, creative, artistically sensitive, and willing to consider new ideas. Which of these factors are they emphasizing in their search?
a.Agreeableness
b.Conscientiousness
c.Emotional stability
d.Openness to experience
e.Extroversion
Answer: dLevel: 2Page: 523Type: A
35.Managing emotion is a basic component of emotional intelligence. Which of the following best describes managing emotions?
- It is the basis for all the other components; being aware of what you are feeling.
- It is the ability to balance one’s moods so that worry, anxiety, fear, or anger do not cloud thinking.
- It is the ability to be hopeful and to persist in the face of obstacles.
- It is the ability to be able to put yourself in someone else’s shoes.
- It is the ability to connect to others and build positive relationships.
Answer: bLevel:3Page: 523Type: F
36.The tendency to place the primary responsibility for one's success or failure either within oneself or on outside forces is referred to as
a.machiavellianism.
b.emotional stability.
c.locus of control.
d.authoritarianism.
e.extroversion.
Answer: cLevel: 1Page: 526Type: F
37.Ted has been unemployed for three months. When his wife asked him why he was not looking for a job, Ted responded, "If I am lucky, I will get my old job back." Ted would be considered as having a(n)
a.external locus of control.
b.high conscientiousness.
c.sensation and intuition type personality.
d.internal locus of control.
e.high Mach attitude.
Answer: aLevel: 3Page: 527Type: A
38.Individuals who believe that they control their own destiny are described as having a
a.high external locus of control.
b.high Mach personality.
c.low introversion characteristic.
d.high internal locus of control.
e.low Mach personality.
Answer: dLevel: 2Page: 527Type: F
39.People with an external locus of control are
a.more achievement oriented.
b.better able to handle complex information and problem solving.
c.more independent.
d.easier to motivate.
e.easier to lead.
Answer: eLevel: 3Page: 527Type: F
40.______is the belief that power and status differences should exist within the organization.
a.Extroversion
b.Machiavellianism
c.Authoritarianism
d.Perceptual distortion
e.Locus of control
Answer: cLevel: 1Page: 528Type: F
41.Individuals high on authoritarianism have problems with
a.power and toughness.
b.use of subjective feelings.
c.sticking to conventional values.
d.obeying recognized authority above them.
e.critically judging others.
Answer: bLevel: 2Page: 529Type: F
42The tendency to direct much of one's behavior toward the acquisition of power and the manipulation of others for personal gain is called
a.authoritarianism.
b.external locus of control.
c.introversion characteristic.
d.machiavellianism.
e.organizational citizenship.
Answer: dLevel: 1Page: 529Type: F
43.Research shows that are predisposed to being pragmatic, capable of lying to achieve personal goals, more likely to win in win-lose situations, and more likely to persuade than be persuaded.
a.high introverted individuals
b.high authoritarians
c.high Machs
d.low extroverted individuals
e.low Machs
Answer: cLevel: 2Page: 529Type: F
44. type people, according to Jung, would rather work with known facts and hard data and prefer routine and order in gathering information.
a.Feeling
b.Gut-feel
c.Intuitive
d.Sensation
e.Affective
Answer: dLevel: 1Page: 529Type: F
45.Which of these styles avoids specifics, decentralizes decision-making and develops few rules and regulations?
a.Intuitive-feeling
b.Sensation-thinking
c.Intuitive-thinking
d.Sensation-feeling
e.None of these.
Answer: aLevel: 3Page: 530Type: F
46.Which of these styles would likely be appropriate for a counseling job?
a.Intuitive-feeling
b.Sensation-thinking
c.Intuitive-thinking
d.Sensation-feeling
e.None of these.
Answer: dLevel: 3Page: 530Type: F
47.Type A behavior pattern is characterized by all of these EXCEPT
a.impatience.
b.devotion to work.
c.aggressiveness.
d.relaxed lifestyle.
e.extreme competitiveness.
Answer: dLevel: 1Page: 536Type: F
48.Stress can be caused by
a.task demands.
b.role demands.
c.interpersonal demands.
d.physical demands.
e.all of these.
Answer: eLevel: 1Page: 437Type: F
49.______is the uncertainty about what behaviors are expected of a person in a particular role.
a.Role conflict
b.Task overload
c.Nonprogrammed decisions
d.Role ambiguity
e.Task underload
Answer: dLevel: 1Page: 437Type: F
Scenario Questions
Scenario—Karla Morris
Karla Morris is a creative, imaginative, artistically sensitive individual who loves to take on new opportunities. She is a successful manager who believes that she makes her own destiny through hard work and listening to people. Her personal problem solving style is intuitive-thinking.
1.Karla can best be described using which of these Big Five personality factors?
a.Agreeableness
b.Openness to experience
c.Conscientiousness
d.Extroversion
e.Emotional stability
Answer: bType: A
2.Karla appears to have a
a.high external locus of control.
b.high Mach personality.
e.high authoritarian style.
d.high internal locus of control.
e.low extroversion characteristic.
Answer: dType: A
3.Which of these occupations would Karla most likely succeed in based on her problem solving style?
a.Counseling
b.Advertising
c.Teaching business
d.Engineering
e.Politics
Answer: cType: A
4.Being a hard worker and a perfectionist, Karla believes that all her employees should be hard working and perfectionists as well. This appears to be an error in which of these perceptual judgements?
a.Stereotyping
b.The halo effect
c.Dissonance
d.Perceptual defense
e.Projection
Answer: eType: A
Short-Answer Questions
1. is an interdisciplinary field dedicated to the study of human attitudes, behavior, and performance in organizations.
Answer: Organizational behaviorPage: 512
2.Work behavior that goes beyond job requirements and contributes as needed to the organization's success is referred to as .
Answer: organizational citizenshipPage: 512
3.A(n) is an evaluation that predisposes a person to act in a certain way.
Answer: attitudePage: 513
4.The component of an attitude includes the beliefs, opinions, and information the person has about the object of the attitude, such as knowledge of what a job entails and opinions about personal abilities.
Answer: cognitivePage: 513
5.A positive attitude toward one's job is called .
Answer: job satisfactionPage: 515
6.Loyalty to and heavy involvement in one's organization is called .
Answer: organizational commitmentPage: 516
7.A condition in which two attitudes or a behavior and an attitude conflict is called
.
Answer: cognitive dissonancePage: 518
8.The process people use to make sense of the environment by selecting, organizing, and interpreting information from the environment is referred to as .
Answer: perceptionPage: 519
9.______is the cognitive process people use to make sense out of the environment by selecting, organizing, and interpreting information.
Answer: PerceptionPage: 519
10.The ______process occurs when individuals screen and select the various stimuli that vie for their attention.
Answer: perceptual selectivityPage: 519
11. is the process by which individuals screen and select the various objects and stimuli that vie for their attention.
Answer: Perceptual selectivityPage: 519
12.Errors in perceptual judgment that arise from inaccuracies in any part of the perception process are called .
Answer: perceptual distortionsPage: 520
13. is the tendency to assign an individual to a group or broad category and then attribute generalizations about the group to the individual.
Answer: StereotypingPage: 521
14.The occurs when the perceiver develops an overall impression of a person or situation based on one attribute, either favorable or unfavorable.