4
Answers to Activities
in the Study Guide
Chapter 1THE HUMAN BODY
A. Completion
1.anatomy, physiology
2.directions, planes, cavities, structural
3.superior, inferior
4.ventral
5.posterior
6.cephalad or cranial
7.proximal
8.distal
9.sagittal
10.transverse
11.coronal
12.viscera
13.cranial, spinal
14.mediastinum
15.parietal peritoneum
16.cells
17.protoplasm
18.pathology
19.epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous
20.cardiac
21.dermis, epidermis
22.homeostasis
23.sweat
24.system
25.skeletal, smooth, cardiac
B. Matching
26.c
27.f
28.i
29.b
30.g
31.l
32.a
33.n
34.k
35.d
36.o
37.e
38.h
39.m
40.j
C. Key Terms
Answers may vary.
41.Second subdivision of ventral cavity
42. Heart and vessels pump and distribute blood to and from all cells of the body
43.Toward the head
44. Binds together and supports other tissue and organs
45.Divides front and back of body
46.Farthest from origin
47.Back or posterior
48. Produces hormones that chemically regulate body’s functions temperature and pressure
49.Lowermost or below/lower part of body
50. Protects, insulates, regulates water and termperature, senses temperature and pressure
51. Drains tissues, carries fats to blood, fights disease
52.Section between pleural cavities
53.Contains heart
54.Contains lungs
55.Colloidal liquid in cells
56.Nearest to origin
57.Perpetuation of species
58. Vertical line separating body into unequal left and right parts
59. Glands located in the integumentary system
60.Dorsal cavity containing spine and cord
61.First subdivision of ventral cavity/chest
62.Horizontal plane of body
63. Chemical regulation of blood, excretion of waste, helps maintain homeostasis
D. Labeling Exercise
64.Also refer to Figure 1-1 in the text.
a.Transverse (horizontal) plane
b.Sagittal plane
c.Frontal (coronal) plane
65.Also refer to Figure 1-2A in the text.
a.Superior (cranial)
b.Inferior (caudal)
c.Medial
d.Lateral
e.Proximal
f.Distal
E. Coloring Exercise
66.Refer to Figure 1-3 in the text.
F. Critical Thinking
Answers may vary.
67.Protection/food selection
68.Study of anatomy
69.Nursing (arms to hold infant in front)
70.Both fallopian tubes removed
71. Reproductive is only needed for perpetuation of species
72.Cells/tissues/organs/systems
73.Feedback response causes body to react
74.More oxygen to muscle cells
75. Respiratory, integumentary, urinary, digestive
76.Keep skin moist and pliable
G. Crossword Puzzle
Chapter 2THE CHEMISTRY OF LIFE
A. Completion
1.sugars
2.adenosine triphosphate
3.matter
4.92
5.atoms
6.proton, neutron
7.John Dalton
8.carbon
9.isotopes
10.oxygen
11.bonds
12.compound
13.ionic
14.negatively, positively
15.covalent
16.hydrogen
17.donors
18.acceptors
19.60, 80
20.water
21.carbon dioxide
22.ammonia
23.simple sugars
24.ribose, deoxyribose
25.glucose, fructose
26.triglycerides
27.triacylglycerols
28.glycerol, fatty acids
29.catalysts
30.thymine, cytosine, uracil
31.phosphate
32.diffusion
33.isotonic
34.pH
35.buffer
B. Matching
36.c
37.g
38.n
39.h
40.m
41.p
42.d
43.a
44.f
45.s
46.e
47.r
48.i
49.o
50.j
51.l
52.t
53.b
54.q
55.k
C. Key Terms
Answers may vary.
56. Transportation of materials against concentration gradient
57.Nitrogen plus two atoms of hydrogen
58. Molecule that comes from decomposition of proteins and conversion of amino acids
59.Random collision of diffusing molecules
60. Atoms of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen in a 1-2-1 ratio
61.(-COOH)
62.Atoms of two or more elements combined
63.Atoms share electrons
64.Acid compound in nucleus, genetic material
65. Molecules that gain electrons only to lose them to some other molecule in a very short time
66.Orbitals of electrons around atom nucleus
67. Negatively charged particles orbiting nucleus of atom
68. Long chain of carbon atoms of different length
69. Similar to sugar but with a three-carbon chain
70. Very weak bond that helps hold water molecules together and bind parts of one molecule into three-dimensional shape
71.(-OH)
72. Solution in which water molecules move into a cell and the cell swells, as in pure distilled water
73.Charged atom
74. Formed when atom gains electrons from another atom in outer shell
75.Small ions, i.e., calcium, sodium, chlorine
76. Two or more atoms combining to form smallest particle with all properties of compound
77.Particle in nucleus of atom with no charge
78.Basic structure of nucleic acid
79.Levels of electrons orbiting nucleus of atom
80. Protein determination by amino acid sequence
81.Fused double ring of nine atoms
82.Allows selected materials to move through
83.Material dissolved in a solution
84. Medium in which chemical reaction can take place
85. Carbon chain with one or more double covalent bonds between carbon atoms
D. Labeling
86.Also refer to Figure 2-5 in the text.
a.nucleus
b.electron
c.hydrogen
d.oxygen
e.hydrogen
f.oxygen part
g.hydrogen part
h.H2O molecule
E. Coloring Exercise
There is no coloring exercise in this chapter.
F. Critical Thinking
Answers may vary.
87. The body is like an internal combustion engine functioning through chemical reactions.
88. Because they just share or move electrons from place to place.
89.O2 atom attracts electrons more strongly than hydrogen atoms.
90.Cold inhibits diffusion.
91. a. Primary determined by amino acid sequence.
b. Secondary determined by hydrogen bonds between amino acids.
c.Tertiary is a secondary folding.
d. Quaternary is determined by spatial relationships between individual units.
92. Sugar, amino acids and other nutrients needed for cell metabolism moved into the cell by active transport, which needs ATP.
93. When electrons are gained, lost or shared between atoms.
94.Like charges (negative electrons) repel.
95. Oxygen atoms attract electrons more strongly than hydrogen; therefore, water molecules are polar.
96.Becomes toxic when it reacts with water.
97.Plants take in CO2 and produce O2.
G. Crossword Puzzle
Chapter 3CELL STRUCTURE
A. Completion
1.eukaryotic
2.prokaryotic
3.flagellum
4.microns
5.Leewenhoek
6.plasmalemma
7.nucleoplasm
8.polar
9.nonpolar
10.46
11.nucleolus
12.cristae
13.mitochondria
14.amino acids
15.autolysis
16.endoplasmic reticulum
17.protein synthesis
18.Golgi bodies
19.ribosomes
20.messenger
21.transfer
22.centrosome
23.cilia, flagella
24.flagellum
25.cilia
26.chloroplasts
27.photosynthesis
28.grana
29.cellulose
30.xanthophyll, carotene
B. Matching
31.c
32.f
33.k
34.h
35.i
36.m
37.j
38.a
39.o
40.b
41.n
42.d
43.e
44.l
45.g
C. Key Terms
Answers may vary.
46. Process by which lysosomes act as suicide agents in old and weakened cells
47. Red/orange pigment structure in chromoplast
48. Plant cell plastid containing carotenoid pigments
49. Channel-like cavities in endoplasmic reticulum
50. Nucleic acid in nucleus concerned with genetic code
51. Flat saclike cisternae that function as points within cell where certain compounds are concentrated
52.Plant cell storage plastid
53. Copies and transmits codes from DNA molecules
54.Long, hollow cylinder made of tubulin
55.Equal attraction of bonding electrons
56. Spherical particle within the nucleoplasm, has no membrane
57. Cell membrane, semipermeable, made of phospholipids and proteins
58. Unequal sharing of electrons results in slight charge in atoms
59.No membrane-bound organelles
60.RNA read code from DNA, takes to ribosomes where amino acids are put together to form proteins
61. Nucleic acid that copies, translates and carries DNA codes
62. RNA copies protein code from DNA molecule
63. Reading code and bringing amino acids in sequence
64. Area in cytoplasm with own membrane sometimes used for storage
65.Yellow pigment plastid in chromoplast
D. Labeling
66.Also refer to Figure 3-1 in the text.
a.ribosomes
b.lysosomes
c.nucleus
d.mitochondrion
e.plasma membrane
f.Golgi apparatus
67.Also refer to Figure 3-7 in the text.
a.human chromosomes
b.supercoil in chromosomes
c.chromatin
d.coiling within supercoil
e.chromatin fiber
E. Coloring Exercise
68.Refer to Figure 3-2 in the text.
F. Critical Thinking
Answers may vary.
69. Animals produce nitrogen waste and carbon dioxide waste that plants use to grow. Plant waste is oxygen that animals need to survive. Animals consume plants for nutrition.
70.Process of grinding lenses.
71. It is necessary for chemical reaction taking place in all cells. It is also a universal solvent and used in temperature control.
72. DNA is the master plan for life functions but cannot leave the nucleus. RNA is responsible for carrying the instruction to structures outside the nucleus.
73. The sperm and egg contain 23 because they join to form one cell with 46.
74. Muscle cells need a great deal of energy, which is produced on the surface of the cristae.
75. When certain functions are necessary, such as transportation of fats or synthesis of sex hormones.
76.Necessary for structural strength.
G. Crossword Puzzle
Chapter 4CELLULAR Metabolism and REPRODUCTION: MITOSIS AND MEIOSIS
A. Completion
1.chemical reactions
2.metabolism
3.anabolism
4.catabolism
5.cellular respiration
6.photosynthesis
7.fermentation
8.phosphorylation
9.phosphoglyceraldehyde
10.pyruvic acid
11.acetic acid
12. oxaloacetic, citric, alpha-ketoglutaric, succinic, malic
13.carbon dioxide, ethyl alcohol, ATP
14.pyruvic acid, acetaldehyde
15.lactic acid
16.fat
17.amino acids
18.gonads
19. phosphate groups, five carbon sugars, purines, pyrimidines
20.adenine, guanine
21.thymine, cytosine
22.A, C, T, G
23.interphase, mitosis, cytokinesis
24.synthesis phase
25.prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
26.cloned
27.spindle fibers
28.metaphase
29.anaphase
30.cleavage furrow
31.telophase
32.sperm, egg
33.two
34.four, 23
35.DNA
B. Matching
36.e
37.i
38.q
39.j
40.n
41.k
42.c
43.l
44.f
45.a
46.d
47.r
48.b
49.g
50.s
51.h
52.t
53.p
54.o
55.m
C. Key Terms
Answers may vary.
56.Cellular respiration with the use of oxygen
57. Compound formed from citric acid during Krebs citric acid cycle
58. Cellular metabolism without the use of oxygen
59. Chemical changes taking place within cells to break down materials releasing energy as ATP (adenosine triphosphate)
60.X-shaped structures seen during prophase
61. DNA strands duplicated within each chromosome
62.Unwound strands of chromosomes in nucleus
63. Pinching action separating daughter cells during final phase of mitosis
64. Segments of DNA exchanged between chromatids of homologous chromosomes
65.Series of reduction/oxidation reactions
66.Anaerobic decomposition of glucose in yeast
67. Electron carrier of electron transport system where two ATP are made
68.Formation of sex cells (sperm and egg)
69. First step in the biochemical respiration process
70.Sex cells containing 23 chromosomes
71.Disk of protein found during prophase
72. Produced as a result of anaerobic cell respiration in muscle cell
73. Movement of cancerous cells from original site
74.Error in copying DNA code
75. Product of fructose diphosphate cleavage, transitional step in glycolysis
76.Addition of a phosphate to glucose
77.Three smaller cells produced during the second meiotic division
78.Electron carrier
79. Error in copying DNA code
80. Visible pair of chromosomes seen during prophase I
D. Labeling Exercise
81.Also refer to Figure 4-6 in the text.
a.glucose
b.glycolysis
c.pyruvate
d.acetyl CoA
e.citric acid cycle
f.CO2
g.ATP
h.mitochondrion
82.Also refer to Figure 4-11 in the text.
a.interphase
b.early prophase
c.middle prophase
d.late prophase
e.metaphase
f.early anaphase
g.late anaphase
h.telophase
i.interphase
E. Coloring Exercise
83.Refer to Figure 4-8 in the text.
84.Refer to Figure 4-7 in the text.
F. Critical Thinking
Answers may vary.
85. To bring oxygen to muscle cells for aerobic respiration to remove lactic acid.
86. To have genetic traits from both parents and thus enlarge the gene pool.
87. Briefly: catabolism breaks down glucose to release energy, whereas anabolism uses energy to build new materials (cellular).
88. Photosynthesis in plants uses light energy and the waste products of animals like CO2 plus water and chlorophyll to make glucose. Animals use the glucose plus the waste products of plants (oxygen) to make energy in the form of ATP.
89. The total energy capture from the citric acid cycle, glycolysis, and electron transport is 60% of that available.
90. All foods are decomposed by the digestion process to a certain point and all enter a stage dependent on their chemical structure.
91. They led to new fields of research in recombinant DNA, the human genome project, and genetic engineering.
92. Codes for polypeptide chains or protein and it carries hereditary information.
93. When we identify genes we can learn to repair those causing diseases.
94. No, because the cell is growing, metabolizing and maintaining itself.
95. Answers will vary.
G. Crossword Puzzle
Chapter 5TISSUES
A. Completion
1.forensic scientist
2.tissues
3.epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous
4.protects, absorbs, secretes, excretes
5.columnar
6.blood vessels, kidneys, lungs
7.stratified
8.ciliated
9.endocrine, exocrine
10.endothelium
11.serous
12.connective
13.matrix
14.loose, dense, specialized
15.areolar
16.fibroblast, histiocytes, mast
17.adipose
18.tendons
19.ligaments
20.fascia
21.chondrocytes
22.hyaline
23.elastic
24.dentin
25.blood
26.goblet
27.hematopoietic
28.reticuloendothelial
29.smooth, skeletal, cardiac
30.axon, cell body, dendrite
B. Matching
31.d
32.g
33.i
34.n
35.j
36.m
37.s
38.a
39.p
40.f
41.b
42.q
43.e
44.t
45.r
46.c
47.k
48.h
49.o
50.l
C. Key Terms
Answers may vary.
51.Connective tissue made of fat cells
52.Portion of neuron receiving stimuli
53. Epithelial cells adhering together to protect underlying tissue
54.Cartilage cell
55. Fibers embedded in matrix of connective tissue
56. Several component lobules with branching ducts
57.A type of tissue that supports or binds
58.Part of neuron that passes along impulses
59. Stretchable fibers found in matrix of connective tissue
60.Endothelium lining heart
61.Glands that have ducts
62. Substance released by mast cells in response to allergies
63. Special areas within cardiac muscle connecting cardiac muscle cells
64.A type of phagocyte found in nervous tissue
65.Membranes that line body cavities
66. Smooth muscle action that pushes material through tubular structures
67.Ingest other cells or foreign material
68. Arrangement of epithelial cells consisting of layers extending from basement membrane
69. Special connective tissue cells that do phagocytosis
70. Tissue lining cavities of body with no external opening
71.One cell layer
72.Tissue that is several layers thick
73. Tissue lining movable joint capsules secreting lubricating fluid
74. Several layers of closely packed easily stretched cells
75. Referring to membranes covering internal organs
D. Labeling Exercise
76.Also refer to Figure 5-8 in the text.
a.cells (chondrocytes)
b.matrix
c.lacuna (space enclosing cells)
77.Also refer to Figure 5-11 in the text.
a.bone cell
b.cytoplasm
c.nucleus
d.bone lacuna
78.Also refer to Figure 5-17 in the text.
a.dendrites
b.nucleus
c.axon
d.cell body
E. Coloring Exercise
79.Refer to Figure 5-12 in the text.
F. Critical Thinking
Answers may vary.
80. It forms a continuous protective sheet for underlying tissues and anchors cells above it.
81. Three types of cell shapes enable it to form various types of tissue depending on its function.
82. It allows expansion of certain organs like the bladder or stomach, while allowing those organs to be of fairly small size when empty.
83. It not only protects by capturing foreign objects and secreting mucus, it also absorbs nutrients in the digestive system and helps with digestion by secreting enzymes and bile salts.
84.Will vary according to example.
85. It is an anticoagulant and would help dissolve blood clots that might block a blood vessel.
86. They should not be because adipose tissue acts as an insulator.
87. By devouring foreign material such as bacteria they protect against disease.
88. They shorten and thicken using actin and myosin.
89. It is responsible for hearing the lecture, seeing the written material and building a memory of the material.
90.Cells divide more rapidly in the young than in older adults, thus facilitating healing in the young.
G. Crossword Puzzle
Chapter 6THE INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
A. Completion
1.sweat
2.epithelial
3.dermis
4.connective
5.stratified, squamous, keratinized
6.palms, soles
7.die
8.keratin
9.five
10.stratum corneum
11.corn
12.stratum granulosum
13.polyhedron
14.stratum germinativum
15.melanocytes
16.melanin
17.albinism
18.corium
19.allergist
20.hair
21.cyanosis
22.arrector pili
23.hair bulb
24.nail bed
25.cuticle
26.sebum, sebaceous glands
27.sweat glands
28.bacterial
29.temperature, pressure
30.lipid
31.psoriasis
32.cold sores
33.shingles
34.nerves
35.vitiligo
B. Matching
36.e
37.h
38.l
39.j
40.a
41.i
42.m
43.b
44.d
45.g
46.o
47.c
48.n
49.k
50.f
C. Key Terms
Answers may vary.
51. Most common type of skin cancer/rarely spreads
52. Thickened portion of skin caused by continued friction
53. Principal portion of hair with elongated cells forming fibers
54. Interlocking cellular links holding cells of epidermis together
55. The epidermal tube holding the root of the hair
56. Movement of cells from the basement membrane to the epidermis and their change of shape and chemical composition as well as the loss of water
57.White crescent-shaped portion of the nail
58. Central portion of hair with cells containing air sacs
59.Area of dermis adjacent to the epidermis
60.Categorization of first- and second-degree burns; they do not destroy stratum germinativum and basal layer
61. Area of the dermis between the subcutaneous and papillary portion of skin
62. Involves both dermis and epidermis but mildly
63. Produces a nodular tumor in epidermis and if left untreated will metastasize
64.Distinctive layers of the epidermis
65.Basal layer of stratum germinativum
D. Labeling Exercise
66.Also refer to Figure 6-1 in the text.
a.epidermis
b.dermis
c.subcutaneous layer
d.blood vessel
e.adipose cells
67.Also refer to Figure 6-3A in the text.
a.hair shaft
b.arrector pili muscle
c.sebaceous gland
d.hair follicle
e.hair root
f.papilla of hair
g. dermal blood vessel
E. Coloring Exercise
68.Refer to Figure 6-4 in the text.
F. Critical Thinking
Answers may vary.
69. The tough leathery layer keeps bacteria and other disease causing agents out.
70. Because cells produced move upward, die, and eventually slough off, it is necessary they be replaced. This layer does that through mitosis. It also contains the pigment-producing cells that are important for skin color and sunlight protection.
71. The deep layers of the skin are destroyed and cannot regenerate.
72. It contains blood vessels, nerves, lymph vessels, muscles, sweat glands, hair follicles, and sebaceous glands, all part of the active body.
73. Hair follicles are located within the dermis and destruction of this would destroy the hair follicle even if the dermis repaired itself.
74. The nail is not the growth area. The area of growth is the nail bed.
75. Adolescents secrete more sebum during puberty.
76.Exocrine because it opens to the exterior.
77. Sweat contains substances like sugar and salt that are important to the body’s homeostasis. Excess sweating will cause a loss of these substances, and sports drinks replace them along with needed fluid.
78. The skin eruptions become passageways for other pathogens.
79. Not really because it is caused by a fungus, not a worm.
80. Skin changes associated with aging include thinning hair, brittle nails, sensitivity to cold, skin infections and dry skin.
G. Crossword Puzzle
Chapter 7THE SKELETAL SYSTEM
A. Completion
1. support, protection, movement, hematopoiesis, mineral storage
2.cartilage
3.periosteum, endosteum
4.osteocytes, osteoclasts
5.intermembranous, endochondral
6.calcitonin, parathormone
7.compact, cancellous
8.haversian canal
9.red bone marrow
10.diaphysis, metaphysis, epiphysis
11.sesamoid
12.process
13.fossae
14.axial, appendicular
15.occipital