Release of Engineered Nanomaterials from Personal Care Products Throughout Their Life Cycle

Release of Engineered Nanomaterials from Personal Care Products throughout their Life Cycle

Arturo A. Keller1, William Vosti1, Hongtao Wang2and Anastasiya Lazareva1

1Bren School of Environmental Science and Management,

University of California, Santa Barbara

2Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education,

Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China

Supporting Information

1.  Survey

The full survey can be found in Nano_PersonalCareProducts_Survey.pdf. Questions were later added on hair coloring and nail polish.

The survey was created on SurveyMonkey (www.surveymonkey.com) and web links to the survey were sent out through multiple channels: (a) internet forums such as Reddit (www.reddit.com); (b) students, staff, faculty, alumni and other people on the Bren School of Environmental Science & Management, UC Santa Barbara (Bren School) listservs; (c) encouraging respondents to forward the survey to their friends and family. The initial survey was open to respondents for two weeks in July, 2013 and the respondents had to be 18 years or older. This survey was also sent to a group of Chinese respondents. These respondents’ answers were used to compare cultural differences in product use.

The internet surveys performed introduced bias by not obtaining a full representation of the general population. For example, only 56% of the elderly use the internet in the U.S. compared with 98% of 18 to 29 year-olds (http://www.pewinternet.org/Static-Pages/Trend-Data-%28Adults%29/Whos-Online.aspx). Therefore, we expected our respondents to be skewed to a younger age than the general U.S. population. In the U.S. survey, ~80% of the respondents were female and 20% were male, with very different PCP use patterns (Figure S1). When extrapolating PCP consumption to the U.S. population, the percentages of males and females who used each product were considered, as well as age groups. For sunscreen, toothpaste, shampoo, conditioner, and body wash we considered the number of males (154,492,067) and females (159,421,973) in the entire U.S. population (http://factfinder2.census.gov/faces/nav/jsf/pages/index.xhtml), and the fraction of each gender that uses the particular PCP from Figure S1. For other PCPs we considered only the U.S. population 12 and older (140,313,359 males and 145,790,564 females, and the information from Figure S1.

Figure S1. Percent of survey respondents that use PCPs in the U.S., by gender and type of PCP.

Figure S2. Percent of survey respondents that use PCPs in China, by gender and type of PCP.

Figure S3. Age of U.S. survey respondents.

Figure S4. State of residence for U.S. survey respondents

The first processing step was to remove answers that a respondent used incorrectly. Examples of common mistakes were people answering use, disposal, and purchasing questions for products that they had originally marked as “never” being used. On the disposal questions, if a respondent answered “other” for how they removed the product their answers were matched to one of the multiple-choice answers. The second processing step was to convert the use and purchase data into grams of product used per person in a year and grams of product purchased per year. For example, if a respondent answered “every day” for the use of a product, that was converted into 365 applications per year. If they then indicated that they applied that product twice a day, we considered 730 applications per year.

For questions regarding product disposal after application, if a respondent answered “Wash off the product in the sink or shower” (direct wash), “Wipe the product off with a non-disposable item” (laundry wash), or “Don’t remove the product” (direct wash), it was assumed that the fate of the PCP was to a WWTP. If the respondents answered “Wipe off the product with a disposable item”, it was assumed that the fate of the PCP was to a landfill. For nail polish, the respondent could either answer that they did not remove the product (and therefore its fate is unknown) or that they removed the product with a disposable wipe, which we assumed went to a landfill. The results for the U.S. survey are presented in Table S1 and for China in Table S2.

Table S1. Reported method of PCP disposal in the U.S.

Wash off in sink or shower / Wipe off with non-disposable item / Don’t remove the product / Wipe off with disposable item / Swim after application / WWTP / Landfill
Sunscreena / 74.2% / 1.3% / 17.5% / 2.5% / 4.5% / 93.0% / 2.5%
Toothpasteb / 100.0% / 0.0% / 0.0% / 0.0% / 0.0% / 100.0% / 0.0%
Shampoob / 100.0% / 0.0% / 0.0% / 0.0% / 0.0% / 100.0% / 0.0%
Conditionerb / 100.0% / 0.0% / 0.0% / 0.0% / 0.0% / 100.0% / 0.0%
Body Washb / 100.0% / 0.0% / 0.0% / 0.0% / 0.0% / 100.0% / 0.0%
Facial Moisturizer / 53.3% / 1.8% / 39.3% / 5.6% / 0.0% / 94.4% / 5.6%
Face Cream / 53.9% / 3.4% / 35.8% / 6.9% / 0.0% / 93.1% / 6.9%
Body Lotion / 47.9% / 0.5% / 51.1% / 0.5% / 0.0% / 99.5% / 0.5%
Serum / 56.6% / 3.3% / 34.7% / 5.3% / 0.0% / 94.7% / 5.3%
Foundation / 65.1% / 6.3% / 1.3% / 27.3% / 0.0% / 72.7% / 27.3%
Concealer / 66.7% / 5.0% / 2.1% / 26.3% / 0.0% / 73.8% / 26.3%
Face Powder / 66.5% / 5.7% / 2.9% / 24.9% / 0.0% / 75.1% / 24.9%
Blush / 65.1% / 4.8% / 2.8% / 27.3% / 0.0% / 72.7% / 27.3%
Mascara / 49.5% / 6.8% / 3.4% / 40.2% / 0.0% / 59.8% / 40.2%
Eye shadow / 54.1% / 6.9% / 2.3% / 36.6% / 0.0% / 63.4% / 36.6%
Eyeliner / 47.8% / 7.3% / 3.7% / 41.2% / 0.0% / 58.8% / 41.2%
Lipstick / 46.4% / 5.3% / 19.6% / 28.7% / 0.0% / 71.3% / 28.7%
Lip Gloss / 45.4% / 3.7% / 25.8% / 25.1% / 0.0% / 74.9% / 25.1%
Lip Liner / 40.4% / 2.9% / 16.3% / 40.4% / 0.0% / 59.6% / 40.4%
Nail Polish / 0.0% / 0.0% / 0.0% / 84.6% / 0.0% / 0.0% / 84.6%
Hair Colorant / 96.8% / 0.0% / 0.0% / 3.2% / 0.0% / 96.8% / 3.2%

a Survey responses for swim rates were in a range from 13.3% (10th percentile) to 22.3% (90th percentile) with a mean of 17.8%. With a 25% release of sunscreen while swimming, we estimate that 3.3 – 5.5% of sunscreen is released directly to water bodies after application.

b These products were assumed to be released to sink or shower (question was not asked)

Table S2. Reported method of PCP disposal in China.

Wash off in sink or shower / Wipe off with non-disposable item / Don’t remove the product / Wipe off with disposable item / Swim after application / WWTP / Landfill
Sunscreen / 52.6% / 2% / 5.2% / 34% / 5.5% / 60.1% / 34%
Toothpaste / 100.0% / 0% / 0.0% / 0% / 0.0% / 100.0% / 0%
Shampoo / 100.0% / 0% / 0.0% / 0% / 0.0% / 100.0% / 0%
Conditioner / 100.0% / 0% / 0.0% / 0% / 0.0% / 100.0% / 0%
Body Wash / 100.0% / 0% / 0.0% / 0% / 0.0% / 100.0% / 0%
Facial Moisturizer / 63.5% / 0% / 20.5% / 16% / 0.0% / 84.0% / 16%
Face Cream / 62.8% / 0% / 20.0% / 17% / 0.0% / 82.8% / 17%
Body Lotion / 62.1% / 0% / 29.4% / 9% / 0.0% / 91.5% / 9%
Serum / 63.8% / 0% / 23.8% / 12% / 0.0% / 87.6% / 12%
Foundation / 21.0% / 0% / 0.4% / 79% / 0.0% / 21.4% / 79%
Concealer / 19.2% / 0% / 0.0% / 81% / 0.0% / 19.2% / 81%
Face Powder / 19.1% / 0% / 0.0% / 81% / 0.0% / 19.1% / 81%
Blush / 20.0% / 0% / 0.0% / 80% / 0.0% / 20.0% / 80%
Mascara / 17.5% / 0% / 0.0% / 83% / 0.0% / 17.5% / 83%
Eye shadow / 16.8% / 0% / 0.0% / 83% / 0.0% / 16.8% / 83%
Eyeliner / 16.7% / 0% / 0.0% / 83% / 0.0% / 16.7% / 83%
Lipstick / 21.6% / 0% / 4.8% / 74% / 0.0% / 26.4% / 74%
Lip Gloss / 21.3% / 0% / 2.2% / 77% / 0.0% / 23.5% / 77%
Lip Liner / 21.1% / 0% / 0.0% / 79% / 0.0% / 21.1% / 79%

Survey respondents provided information on their estimate of the residual amount of PCP left in the container when disposed of. The results are presented in Table S3.

Table S3. Estimated residual amount of PCP in container at disposal

10th to 90th
percentile
Sunscreen / 11.1 - 12.0
Toothpaste / 2.0 – 2.5
Shampoo / 0.9 – 1.3
Conditioner / 1.2 – 1.5
Body Wash / 0.8 – 1.1
Facial Moisturizer / 2.4 – 2.9
Face Cream / 2.2 – 2.7
Body Lotion / 4.5 – 5.1
Serum / 2.1 – 2.6
Foundation / 9.4 – 10.2
Concealer / 9.4 – 10.2
Face Powder / 7.6 – 8.2
Blush / 10.0 – 10.8
Mascara / 16.1 – 17.5
Eye shadow / 14.1 – 15.3
Eyeliner / 12.1 – 13.1
Lipstick / 14.4 – 15.6
Lip Gloss / 10.9 – 11.9
Lip Liner / 10.5 – 11.4
Nail Polish / 20.4 – 24.2
Hair Colorant / 3.2 – 4.9

2.  Amount of PCP in Products

Since it would be challenging for survey respondents to provide container sizes for each of the 21 PCPs considered, we collected information on the top 25-30 most sold containers (different brands) for each class of PCP, using data from Amazon and Walgreen’s “Top Seller” lists. Although the lists are ranked, there is no information on the fraction of the market that each product has. Thus, we assumed that each container size/brand had equal probability. However there were many instances where a particular container size was common for several brands. The cumulative distribution functions (CDFs) for the amount of PCP in each of the 21 PCPs considered are presented in Figures S5 and S6. The corresponding statistics and distribution function used for the analysis are presented in Table S4.

Figure S5. Cumulative distribution functions for container sizes of 12 PCPs (in g).

Figure S6. Cumulative distribution functions for container sizes of 9 PCPs (in g).

To calculate product used per capita, the CDFs of container size and container bought per year per capita were sampled using a Monte Carlo routine (10,000 runs) and calculated using:

Product used per capita per year = Container size * Container bought per year

The per capita use of a number of PCPs considered in this study was compared to literature values (Table S5).

Table S4. Personal care product container size statistics (in g)

Table S5. Comparison of PCP applications per day to previous studies.

Mean
values / 10th percentile / 90th
percentile
A / B / C / D / E / A / B / A / B / C / D / E
Shampoo / 0.64 / 1.11 / 0.48 / 0.69 / 1.0 / 0.63 / 1.0 / 0.65 / 1.43 / 1.0 / 0.99
Conditioner / 0.56 / 1.1 / 0.27 / 0.64 / 0.28 / 0.55 / 1.0 / 0.58 / 1.2 / 0.86 / 0.99
Body Wash / 1.21 / 1.37 / 1.10 / 1.0 / 1.32 / 2.0
Face Cream / 1.80 / 1.77 / 0.006 / 0.89 / 1.48 / 2.12 / 1.97
Body Lotion / 1.02 / 2.12 / 0.89 / 1.15 / 2.28
Foundation / 1.18 / 1.24 / 0.47 / 0.58 / 0.94 / 1.0 / 1.41 / 1.86 / 1.5 / 0.99
Eyeshadow / 0.71 / 1.2 / 0.4 / 2 / 0.59 / 1.0 / 0.83 / 1.7
Lipstick / 1.77 / 2.35 / 2.62 / 1.41 / 1.24 / 2.30 / 6.0 / 2.96 / 2.0

A = this study; B = Loretz et al.(Loretz et al. 2005; Loretz et al. 2006; Loretz et al. 2008); C = USEPA(USEPA 2011); D = Wu(Wu et al. 2010); E = SCCS(SSCS 2012).

Table S6. Type of statistical distribution fitted to various data sets

Applications Per Person Per Year / Salon Applications Per Year / Amount Per Applicationa / Containers Bought Per Person Per Year / Container Size / Product Left in Container at Disposal
Sunscreen / - / - / Lognormal / Weibull / Normal
Toothpaste / - / - / Weibull / Weibull / Logistic
Shampoo / Weibull / Lognormal / Weibull / Weibull / Logistic
Conditioner / Weibull / Lognormal / Weibull / Weibull / Logistic
Body Wash / Lognormal / Gamma / Lognormal / Weibull / Logistic
Facial Moisturizer / - / - / Lognormal / Weibull / Logistic
Face Cream / Lognormal / Lognormal / Lognormal / Weibull / Logistic
Body Lotion / Lognormal / Lognormal / Lognormal / Weibull / Logistic
Serum / - / Lognormal / Weibull / Logistic
Foundation / Lognormal / Lognormal / Lognormal / Weibull / Normal
Concealer / - / - / Lognormal / Weibull / Normal
Face Powder / - / - / Lognormal / Weibull / Normal
Blush / - / - / Lognormal / Weibull / Normal
Mascara / - / - / Lognormal / Weibull / Normal
Eyeshadow / Lognormal / Lognormal / Lognormal / Weibull / Normal
Eyeliner / - / - / Lognormal / Weibull / Normal
Lipstick / Lognormal / Lognormal / Lognormal / Weibull / Normal
Lip Gloss / - / - / Lognormal / Weibull / Normal
Lip Liner / - / - / Lognormal / Weibull / Normal
Nail Polish / Poisson / Poisson / - / Poisson / Poisson / Poisson
Hair Color / Poisson / Poisson / - / Poisson / Poisson / Poisson

a These distributions are from Loretz et al (2005, 2006, 2008)

3.  ENMs in PCPs

Table S7. ENMs in PCPs and availability in the U.S. market.

PCP / Material / Concentration / Fraction 100 nm / % of product containing ENMs / Number
of products considered
Concealer / TiO2 / 5.4%c / 60%o / 30.0% e / 18
Concealer / ZnO / 2.2%c / 60%o / 12.0% e / 18
Concealer / SDS / 6.0%l / 50%b / 1.7% d / 18
Concealer / Silica / 10.0% a / 50%b / 2.3% d / 18
Eyeliner / Carbon Black / 10.0% r / 93.3%q / 4.5% d / 28
Eyeliner / SDS / 2.0%m / 50%b / 0.01% d / 28
Eyeshadow / Carbon Black / 10.0% r / 93.3%q / 0.1% d / 25
Eyeshadow / SDS / 2.0%m / 50%b / 2.7% d / 25
Facial Moisturizer / ZnO / 4.8%c / 60%n / 12.3% e / 30
Facial Moisturizer / Silica / 10.0% a / 50%b / 0.5% d / 30
Facial Moisturizer / Ag / 0.0004%k / 50% a / 0.006% d / 30
Facial Moisturizer / Platinum / 0.1%a / 50% a / 0.006% d / 30
Face Cream / Fullerenes / 0.0004%j / 100% a / 0.1%p / 18
Face Powder / ZnO / 5.2%c / 60%o / 4.8% e / 21
Foundation / TiO2 / 5.4%c / 60%o / 52.3% e / 29
Foundation / ZnO / 12.0%c / 60%o / 8.0% e / 29
Foundation / Silica / 10.0% a / 50%b / 6.8% d / 29
Hair Coloring / SDS / 5.0%m / 50%b / 8.9% d / 30
Lip Gloss / SDS / 10.0%m / 50%b / 6.8% d / 26
Mascara / Carbon Black / 5.0%r / 93.3%q / 0.02% d / 29
Mascara / SDS / 2.0%m / 50%b / 0.8% d / 29
Nail Polish / Alumina / 1.0%a / 50% a / 0.02% d / 30
Nail Polish / TiO2 / 1.0%a / 50% a / 0.1% d / 30
Nail Polish / Silica / 2.0%n / 50% a / 2.1% d / 30
Nail Polish / Carbon Black / 5.0%r / 93.3% q / 1.4% d / 30
Serum / Fullerenes / 0.0001%j / 100% a / 0.1% p / 30
Serum / Silica / 10.0% a / 50%b / 2.0% d / 30
Serum / Ag / 0.0004%k / 50% a / 0.03% d / 30
Serum / Platinum / 0.1%a / 50% a / 0.03% d / 30
Shampoo / Ag / 0.00014%h / 40.7%h / 0.1% p / 30
Sunscreen / TiO2 / 6.9%c / 60%n / 23.3% e / 30
Sunscreen / ZnO / 10.0%c / 60%n / 33.3% e / 30
Sunscreen / Silica / 10.0% a / 50%b / 0.004% d / 30
Toothpaste / Ag / 0.0008%h / 39.7%h / 0.1% p / 30
Toothpaste / Hydroxyapatite / 7.0%f / 100% a / 0.1% p / 30
Toothpaste / TiO2 / 0.5%g / 0.6%g / 50.0%e / 30

a Estimated