Name ______Period ______
Biology I Final Exam Study Guide 2013
Chapters: 1, 2, 12, 13, 7, & 10.
Chapter 1
1. List the 8 characteristics of living things: Living things are made up of ______. Living things ______or make more of their own kind. Living things are based on a universal ______. Living things ______and ______. Living things obtain and use materials and ______. This is known as ______. Living things respond to their ______. A ______is signal to which an organism responds. Living things maintain a ______internal environment. This is known as ______. Taken as a group, living things ______over time. This is called ______.
2. Cell specialization allows multicellular organisms to do what? ______
3. Complete the table below to illustrate the levels of biological organization. Know the order of the levels.
4. What are the seven steps of the scientific method?
1. ______5. ______
2. ______6. ______
3. ______7. ______
4. ______
A. What is a bias? Provide an example.
B. What is a peer-review? Can peer-reviews be biased? If so, why or why not?
C. What is a hypothesis? Provide an example.
D. List & describe the two groups within a controlled experiment.
1.
2.
E. What is the difference between the independent & dependent variable?
F. What is data? Explain the difference between quantitative & qualitative data?
G. Why is peer review so important when new scientific discoveries are published?
H. Define a theory and provide an example
Chapter 2
5. A substance formed by the chemical combination of two or more elements in definite proportions is called a chemical ______. These substances form as a result of two main types of bonds known as ______bonds and ______bonds.
6. The electrons that are available to form bonds are called ______electrons. When electrons are shared, a ______bond forms. ______bonds form as a result of electrons that are transferred. The ion that loses electrons will become ______, while the ion that gains electrons will become ______.
7. A water molecule is made up of ______hydrogen atom(s) and ______oxygen atom(s). (Fig. 2-6 pg 40) Because there is an uneven distribution of electrons between O and H, a water molecule is ______.
8. Complete the table below using pages of your text.
Carbon Compounds or ______MacromoleculesCategories / Carbohydrates / ______/ Nucleic Acids / ______
Simple Name / ______& starches / Fats & Oils / Nucleic Acids / Proteins
Monomer/
Building
Block / ______sac-
charide
example: ______/ Gycerol & ______acids / ______/ ______
Polymer / Poly______
Examples: glycogen in animals or ______in plants / Lipids / Nucleic Acids
Examples ______& RNA / Proteins
Main job in living things / Main source of ______in living things / Used to store ______;
Form ______membrane (lipid bilayer) / Store & transmit ______info & make ______/ Control rate of chemicals reactions (______); Form bone & ______; Transport substance in/out of ______; Fight ______(antibodies)
9. In chemical reactions, atoms are neither created nor destroyed. Instead, they are ______, or assembled in a new way. The chemicals/compounds entering the chemical reaction are called ______while the chemicals/compounds produced are called ______. Some chemical reactions ______energy, while others absorb energy. Energy can released as heat, and sometimes as ______and sound, as with an explosion.
10. Label the following chemical equation to show products & reactants.
2H2O2 → 2H2O + O2
11. What type of energy is needed to get a chemical reaction started? ______
12. A substance that speeds up a chemical reaction is called a ______. They work by lowering a reaction’s ______. In living things, ______are proteins that act as biological catalysts.
13. According to the pH scale, which is more acidic, vinegar or lemon juice? ______Is ammonia an acid or a base? ______
Chapter 12 and 13
14. Frederick Griffith was a scientist who showed that one strain of bacteria could permanently change to another strain by a process called ______. Avery repeated Griffith’s work to conclude that ______was the transforming factor.
15. The monomer of DNA is called a ______and consists of three basic parts:______, ______, and a ______base. The types of bases found in DNA include ______, ______, ______, & ______.
16. What does the entire figure to the right represent? ______What does the “X” in the figure represent? ______. What type of sugar is found in “X” of the structure? ______.
17. Three ways in which RNA different from DNA: Its sugar is ______, it has the base ______instead of thymine, and consists of _____ strand(s).
18. Chargoff’s base-pairing rules state that the % guanine is the same as the % ______and the % adenine is the same as the % ______in a DNA sample. ____ & ____ will pair and _____ & _____ will pair.
19. Be familiar with the chromosome structure: Chromosomes consist of DNA wrapped around proteins called ______. Together these form beadlike structures called ______
20. What is the name of the process in which DNA is copied? ______As a result, the 2 DNA molecules each consist of ____ original strand and one new strand.
21. Label the three main types of RNA pictured below and list their function.
22. During transcription, what is produced? ______
23. The diagram to the right is called the ______.
24. Use the diagram to determine the sequence of bases to code for Tryptophan ______
25. How many codons are needed to code for 2 amino acids? ______; One codon consists of how many nucleotides? ______How many different codon combinations exist? ____How many different amino acids exist? _____
26. Be able to describe the purpose and process of replication, transcription & translation.
27. A mutation that involves 1 or a few nucleotides is known as a______mutation. What are the different types of gene or point mutations? ______, ______, ______Which type of point mutation does NOT result in a frameshift mutation? ______
28. Label each of the chromosome mutation pictured below:
29. Label each of the labeled structures or processes in the diagram below: (X & Y are processes, not structures) (p. 300-306)
30. What process is pictured below? ______Label the structures below:
Chapter 7:
31. List the 3 parts of the cell theory: ______, ______, ______
32. Compare eukaryotes & prokaryotes in the Venn diagram:
33. Be able to identify the structure and function of each:
34. The nucleus of the cell consists of granular material called ______, which is ______bound to protein. A dense region called the ______is where ribosomes are made.
35. The main function of the cytoskeleton is to help the cell maintain its ______& it is also involved in ______.
36. The cell membrane consists mainly of a double layer of lipids called phospholipids and channels and pumps made of ______.
37. Compare passive & active transport using the table below:
Passive Transport / Active TransportTypes of & brief description / 1.
2.
3. / 1.
2.
3.
Energy needed?
Movement with or against concentration gradient
38. Name the processes pictured below:
The levels of organization in multicellular organisms are: ______→______→______→______
Chapter 10
39. Label the different parts of a chromosome-
Compare chromatin vs. chromatid vs. chromosome
40. . Define the 2 Main Phases of the Eukaryotic Cell Cycle?
a. Interphase
b. M-Phase
41. Label all the parts of the cell cycle.
Interphase consists of:
a. Growth Phase 1 (G1-Phase)
b. Synthesis Phase (S-Phase)
c. Growth Phase 2 (G2-Phase)
i. Cell Produces…
ii. Centrioles…
iii. “Spell Checks”…
50. The 4 Mitotic Phases (PMAT):
51.Sketch the Mitotic Phases; explain what happens in each phase.
1. Prophase:
a. Chromatin…
b. Nuclear Envelope…
c. Centrioles…
d. Mitotic Spindle…
2. Metaphase:
a. Chromosomes…
b. Nuclear Envelope…
c. Centrioles…
d. Spindle…
3. Anaphase:
a. Centromeres…
b. Kinetochores…
c. Chromosomes…
4. Telophase:
a. Opposite of…
b. Chromosomes…
c. Nuclear envelope…
d. Spindle…
52.Define Cytokinesis. How does it differ in animal vs. plant cell?
53 How is the cell cycle regulated?
(a) ______
(b) ______
54. What is the role of the p53 gene/protein?
______
55. What is apoptosis?
______
56. What are stem cells?
______
57. Complete the table about stem cells.
Totipotent / Pluripotent / MultipotentStem cell type: / Stem cell type: / Stem cell type:
Definition: / Definition: / Definition:
1