TEST BANK FOR CLARKE-STEWART& PARKE SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT
CHAPTER 3. BIOLOGICAL FOUNDATIONS: ROOTS IN NEURONS AND GENES
Note: the highlighted items are included in the practice exam questions provided for students in the Student Resources available at www.wiley.com/college/clarke.
Page numbers in the text are indicated in parentheses () at the end of each multiple choice, true/false, and short answer test item. Correct answers are indicated with asterisks (*).
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
1. People’s genes encourage them to seek out experiences compatible with their inherited tendencies. This is called: (a) passive gene-environment association (b) *active gene-environment association (c) evocative gene-environment association (d) genotype (81)
2. The difference between active gene-environment associations and niche picking is: (a) active gene-environment associations have to do with evoked responses from the environment (b) niche picking has to do with seeking out or creating environments (c) both a and b (d) *active gene-environment associations and niche picking are the same (81)
3. An alternate form of a gene is called: (a) a neuron (b) monozygotic (c) *an allele (d) a heritability factor (79)
4. The reason people typically have two alleles is: (a) synaptic pruning (b) reaction range (c) programmed neuronal death (d) *people inherit one from each parent (79)
5. A disorder characterized by a persistent pattern of impulsivity is: (a) autism spectrum disorder (b) Williams syndrome (c) Turner syndrome (d) *attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (84)
6. Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder: (a) is completely genetic (b) *makes it difficult for the child to track contingencies (c) is more similar in fraternal twins than identical twins (d) all of the above (84)
7. The two halves of the brain’s cerebrum are called: (a) glial cells (b) lateralization (c) corpus callosum (d) *cerebral hemispheres (71)
8. Cerebral hemispheres: (a) are anatomically different (b) in general, control different functions (c) can take over some of the tasks of the other hemisphere if one is damaged (d) *all of the above (71)
9. The outer layer of the cerebrum, which contains the cells that control specific functions such as seeing, hearing, moving, and thinking, is: (a) the neuronal network (b) *the cerebral cortex (c) the corpus callosum (d) the cerebral hemispheres (69)
10. The cerebral cortex: (a) is the bottom layer of the cerebrum (b) contains 10 percent of the brain’s cell bodies (c) *has areas that can be traced to specific behaviors (d) all of the above (69-70)
11. The two connected hemispheres of the brain are the: (a) neurons (b) cerebral cortex (c) corpus callosum (d) *cerebrum (71)
12. The biological foundation of social development that focuses on visual, olfactory, and tactile capacities present at birth is referred to as: (a) temperament (b) genetics (c) neurology (d) *biological preparedness (66)
14. The corpus callosum: (a) is the only link between the two hemispheres (b) *facilitates inter-hemispheric communication (c) cannot be severed without severe disruptions to brain functioning (d) none of the above (71)
15. Fraternal twins who develop from two different eggs fertilized by two different sperm, producing two different zygotes: (a) monozygotic (b) experience-dependent process (c) experience-expectant process (d) *dizygotic (77)
16. Dizygotic twins are unlike fraternal twins in that: (a) dizygotic twins develop from two different eggs (b) fraternal twins are more likely to be similar in most traits than dizygotic twins (c) both a and b (d) *neither a nor b (77)
17. People’s inherited tendencies elicit certain environmental responses. This is called: (a) *an evocative gene-environment association (b) an experience-dependent process (c) an experience-expectant process (d) an active gene-environment association (81)
18. Which of the following exemplifies an evocative gene-environment association? (a) unhappy and irritable parents are more likely to provide a negative home environment, which encourages their children to become antisocial or depressed (b) *parents’ physical punishment is strongly influenced by the child’s genetic tendency to be antisocial and defiant (c) individuals who are aggressive sign up for martial arts classes instead of chess club (d) none of the above (81)
19. Brain processes that are unique to the individual and responsive to particular cultural, community, and family experiences are called: (a) an evocative gene-environment association (b) *experience-dependent (c) experience-expectant (d) nonshared environment (73)
20. Which of the following factors would be expected to influence experience-dependent processes: (a) *having your own cell phone (b) patterned visual input (c) sounds of language (d) all of the above (73)
21. Brain processes that are universal, and experienced by all human beings across evolution are called: (a) passive gene-environment associations (b) experience-dependent (c) *experience-expectant (d) shared environment (73)
22. Which of the following factors would be expected to influence experience-expectant processes: (a) having your own cell phone (b) living in a high-crime neighborhood (c) *sounds of language (d) having a family that provided an especially enriching environment (73)
23. A type of childhood behavior problem in which the behavior is directed at others, including hitting, stealing, vandalizing, and lying: (a) attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (b) internalizing (c) *externalizing (d) autism spectrum disorder (91)
24. Which of the following factors would not be expected to predict externalizing problems: (a) poor effortful control (b) high negative emotionality (c) *fear or shyness (d) a, b, and c all predict externalizing problems. (91)
25. A portion of DNA located at a particular site on a chromosome and coding for the production of a specific type of protein: (a) mirror neuron (b) heritability factor (c) allele (d) *gene (76)
26. Which of the following factors is not characteristic of genes: (a) they serve as a template for building proteins (b) they must be activated to function (c) *they vary across people principally because of mutations (d) all of the above are characteristic of genes (76)
27. People in the same environment are affected differently depending on their genetic makeup. This describes: (a) a passive gene-environment association (b) *a gene-environment (G ´ E) interaction (c) an experience-dependent process (d) a reaction range (81)
28. Which of the following factors is not an example of a gene-environment interaction: (a) a genetic predisposition for depression results in depressive symptoms only when the person experiences many life stressors (b) a strong genetic predisposition for alcoholism results in alcoholism only when the person decides to drink alcohol (c) a genetic predisposition to be sociable produces social behavior, which then elicits social behavior from others, reinforcing the original predisposition for sociability (d) *a, b, and c are all examples of gene-environment interactions (81-82)
29. The particular set of genes a person inherits from his or her parents is the: (a) *genotype (b) heritability factor (c) temperament (d) phenotype (77)
30. Which of the following reflects a person’s genotype most directly: (a) *eye color s (b) height (c) intelligence (d) sociability (77)
31. A cell that supports, protects, and repairs neurons: (a) synapse (b) *glial cell (c) modifier gene (d) mirror neuron (72)
32. Which of the following is not carried out by glial cells: (a) providing structural support to neurons (b) *transmitting neuronal information (c) myelination (d) all of the above are carried out by glial cells (72)
33. A statistical estimate of the contribution heredity makes to a particular trait or ability: (a) reaction range (b) phenotype (c) evocative gene-environment association (d) *heritability factor (77)
34. Heritability factors are calculated by directly measuring: (a) genes (b) DNA (c) both a and b (d) *neither a nor b (77)
35. Alleles for a particular trait from each parent are different: (a) Williams syndrome (b) Turner syndrome (c) *heterozygous (d) homozygous (79)
36. Heterozygous genes cannot be expressed as: (a) a blend of the two alleles (b) a combination of the two alleles (c) the dominant allele (d) *the expression of the recessive allele (79)
37. Alleles for a particular trait from each parent are the same: (a) Williams syndrome (b) Turner syndrome (c) heterozygous (d) *homozygous (79)
38. The description of traits expressed by two alleles that can be either dominant or recessive is: (a) the simplest model of genetic transmission (b) applies to the subset of characteristics determined by single genes (c) *both a and b (d) neither a nor b (79)
39. The study of the relative influences of heredity and environment on individual differences in traits and abilities: (a) experience-expectant process (b) gene-environment interaction model (c) *human behavior genetics (d) experience-dependent process (76)
40. Human behavior genetics: (a) is the study of the origin of differences in human behavior (b) typically involves twin or adoption designs (c) is often conducted without directly measuring genes (d) *all of the above (76)
41. A type of childhood behavior problem in which the behavior is directed at the self rather than others, including fear, anxiety, depression, loneliness, and withdrawal is: (a) externalizing (b) attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (c) fragile x syndrome (d) *internalizing (90)
42. Internalizing problems include: (a) withdrawn behavior, anxiety, hyperactivity (b) low empathy, disruptive behavior, guilt (c) withdrawn behavior, aggressive behavior, anxiety disorders (d) *guilt, low empathy, sadness (90)
43. The process by which each half of the brain becomes specialized for certain functions: (a) programmed neuronal death (b) synaptic pruning (c) *lateralization (d) niche picking (71)
44. Which of the following is not true regarding hemispheric lateralization? (a) both hemispheres play some role in most functions (b) when one side of the brain suffers damage, the other half may take over some of its functions (c) the degree of lateralization is partially genetic (d) *parents and children usually have dissimilar levels of language lateralization (71)
45. A nerve cell that fires both when a person acts and when a person observes the same action performed by someone else, as if the observer himself or herself were acting: (a) glial cell (b) *mirror neuron (c) modifier gene (d) none of the above (74)
46. Mirror neurons have been linked to: (a) social behavior (b) intelligence (c) language acquisition (d) *both a and c (74)
47. Genes that exert their influence indirectly by affecting the expression of other genes: (a) glial cell (b) mirror neuron (c) *modifier gene (d) mediator gene (79)
48. The fact that some traits influenced by genes do not run in families (e.g., shy children are born to extraverted parents) is explained by the existence of: (a) mirror neurons (b) nonshared environment (c) experience-expectant processes (d) *modifier genes (79)
49. Identical twins are: (a) heterozygous (b) homozygous (c) dizygotic (d) *monozygotic (77)
50. Monozygotic twins are unlike identical twins in that: (a) monozygotic twins develop from a single zygote (b) identical twins are more likely to be similar in most traits than monozygotic twins (c) both a and b (d) *neither a nor b. (77)
51. The process by which glial cells encase neurons in sheaths of the fatty substance myelin: (a) *myelination (b) lateralization (c) neural proliferation (d) synaptogenesis (72)
52. Myelination: (a) makes glial cells more efficient at transmitting information (b) most myelination occurs after the first two years (c) *covers parts of neurons with a layer of fatty tissue (d) all of the above (72)
53. The movement of neurons within the brain that ensures that all brain areas have a sufficient number of neural connections is referred to as: (a) programmed neuronal death (b) *neural migration (c) neural proliferation (d) synaptogenesis (72)
54. Insufficient ______is associated with various forms of mental disability and with disorders such as dyslexia and schizophrenia: (a) *neural migration (b) programmed neuronal death (c) synaptogenesis (d) none of the above (72)
55. The rapid formation of neurons in the developing organism’s brain: (a) programmed neuronal death (b) neural migration (c) *neural proliferation (d) synaptogenesis (72)
56. Which of the following correctly describes neuron proliferation: (a) *most neurons are present in the brain by the seventh month after conception (b) about 250,000 new neurons are added every day during neuron proliferation (c) after birth, the brain does not grow because synaptic pruning counterbalances neuron proliferation (d) all of the above (72)
57. A cell in the body’s nervous system, consisting of a cell body, a long projection called an axon, and several shorter projections called dendrites: (a) glial cell (b) synapse (c) cerebrum (d) *neuron (72)
58. Which of the following correctly describes neurons: (a) they have a long projection called a dendrite (b) they have several short projections called axons (c) *they send and receive neural impulses (d) all of the above (72)
59. Seeking out or creating environments compatible with one’s genetically based predispositions: (a) evocative gene-environment association (b) passive gene-environment association (c) *niche picking (d) experience-dependent process (81)
60. The similarity between active gene-environment associations and niche picking is: (a) active gene-environment associations have to do with evoked responses from the environment (b) niche picking has to do with seeking out or creating environments (c) *both a and b (d) neither a nor b (81)
61. A set of conditions or activities experienced by one child in a family but not another child in the same family comprises: (a) *the nonshared environment (b) the shared environment (c) niche picking (d) experience-dependent processes (78)
62. Nonshared environments: (a) *include separate activities chosen by the child (b) appear to be relatively unrelated to development (c) do not include the child’s perceptions of the environment (d) all of the above (78)
63. The environment created by parents with particular genetic characteristics encourages the expression of these tendencies in their children: (a) nonshared environment (b) shared environment (c) *passive gene-environment association (d) experience-dependent process (80)
64. Passive gene-environment associations: (a) *are supported by twin studies that show genetic influences on parenting (b) are supported by adoption studies that show genetic influences on parenting (c) both a and b (d) neither a nor b (80)
65. The visible expression of the person’s particular physical and behavioral characteristics (a) evocative gene-environment interaction (b) active gene-environment interaction (c) genotype (d) *phenotype (77)
66. Examples of phenotypes include: (a) height (b) intelligence (c) sociability (d) *all of the above (77)
67. The naturally occurring death of immature nerve cells during early development of the nervous system is: (a) synaptic pruning (b) *programmed neuronal death (c) lateralization (d) neural migration (72)