Techno India Njr Institute of Technology

TECHNO INDIA NJR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Survey Report on

“PURITY OF PETROLEUM”

Submitted by-

Mr. Shubham Gandhi

Mr. Ujjwal Sharma

Mr. Manvendra Singh Balot

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The success and final outcome of this survey required a lot of guidance and assistance from many people and we are extremely fortunate to have got this all along the completion of our survey work. Whatever we have done is only due to such guidance and assistance and we would not forget to thank them.

We are highly indebted to Dr Pankaj Porwal, Principal TINJRIT, for giving us an opportunity to do the survey work on “PURITY OF PETROL” and providing us all support and guidance which made us to complete the project on time .We would also like to express our special gratitude and thank to them for giving us such attention and for their kind co-operation.

We owe our profound gratitude to our project guide Mr Lokesh Malviya, asst. Professor TINJRIT, who took keen interest on our survey work and guided us all along, till the completion of our survey work by providing all the necessary information for developing a good system.

Our thanks and appreciation also to our college and family members for developing the project and the people who have willingly helped us out with the abilities.

We are thankful to and fortunate enough to get constant encouragement, support and guidance from all Teaching staffs of Department of Mechanical engineering which helped us in successfully completing our survey work. Also, we would like to extend our sincere regards to all the non-teaching staff for their timely support.

PREFACE

This report presents the research, findings and recommendations resulting from the survey “PURITY OF PETROL”. We had to go through some books and surf through the internet to get this project done and going through these stuffs was really interesting and informative. We have tried to include much information about the topic.

This report consists of an introduction to Petrol and its uses, containing its history of origin, its formation, the result of journey of our survey and some measures to which can be taken in future. We hope the contents of this report will give a quick look of the awareness on purity of petrol and will be informative. The findings and recommendations of this report address data and information gaps and needs, and provide valuable information for guiding the next steps in the process of developing a better system.

This report and the project relate many associated components, provide a wealth of information about the Purity of Petrol and associated politics related to it.

ABSTRACT

The project present is based on the survey to check purity of petroleum. Petroleum is recovered mostly throughoil drilling. This comes after the studies of structural geology, sedimentary basin analysis, reservoir characterization.It is refined and separated, most easily byboiling point, into a large number of consumer products, from petrol andto asphalt. It is used in manufacturing a wide variety of materials,and it is estimated that the world consumes about 88 millionbarrelseach day.

Many consumers complain about the quality and quantity of petroleum products, but are not aware of the simple tests which they can demand from every dealer to ensure value for their money. Two simple tests were performed during the survey of purity check namely Filter paper test and Density check test. If the test fails the consumer can immediately report.To curb this growing malpractice, a number of initiatives have been undertaken. Regular raids are conducted by government agencies to keep an eye on these activities and also to send a clear message topetrolpump owners. Customer awareness on the issue is crucial. They must insist that the oil be tested and should also look at the density of the quantity in order to curb the abuses ofcontaminated oil.

Many problems were identified during the survey which can be rectified in future. Various filling stations of the city were observed and the quality of their petrol was tested using filter paper. Their consumption level, hydrometer and thermometer readings were recorded. This resulted in depicting the level of service provided by the stations.

INTRODUCTION

Petroleum is a product from which multitudes of things are made and are used in almost in each and every nook and cranny. Itis oil which is found underground. It is commonly called crude oil or fossil fuel because it was formed from the remains oftiny plants and animals that died millions of years ago. Long ago, people didn’t dig for oil. They gathered oil that seeped from under the ground into ponds. It floated on the water. The petroleum we use today was made millions of years ago. It took millions of years to form. The buried of sand and sediment, which turned into sedimentary rock, increased the pressure on the decayed remains at the bottom. The heat and pressure changed the remains and, eventually, petroleum was formed. Various forms of petroleum are gasoline, kerosene, and heating oil. Factories use oil to make plastics and paints, medicines and soaps. Oil is even burnt to make electricity. The quality of various petroleum fuels depends on their composition and types of hydrocarbons present in the mixture.

History

Petroleum is being used since ancient times. The ancient Chinese and Egyptians burned oil to light their homes. Before the 1850s, Americans used whale oil to light their homes. When whale oil became scarce, people skimmed the oil that seeped to the surface of ponds and streams. The demand for oil grew, and in 1859, Edwin Drake drilled the first oil well near Titusville, Pennsylvania.

At first, the crude oil was refined or made into kerosene for lighting. Gasoline and other products made during refining were thrown away because people had no use for them. All this changed when Henry Ford began to proliferate producing automobiles in 1913. Everyone wanted an automobile and they all ran on gasoline. Gasoline was the fuel of choice because it provided the greatest amount of energy and satisfied consumer’s equilibrium need.

How we get it:

a)By Drilling Oil Wells

1. Petroleum is buried underground in tiny pockets of rocks.

2. Wells are drilled into the rocks to pump out the oil. Some wells are more than two miles deep.

3. A lot of oil is under the bed of oceans along the shores. Oil rigs that can float are used to reach this oil.

4. After the oil is drilled, it is sent to refineries. At the refineries, it is cleaned and made into varied fuels.

5. Most of the oil is made into gasoline.

6. The oil is moved from one place to another by ships and trucks, and through pipelines.

7. In India Bombay high drill the maximum oil.

b)Oil extraction is simply the removal of oil from the reservoir. Oil is often recovered as a water-in-oil emulsion,calleddemulsifiers and are used to separate the oil from water. Oil extraction is costly and sometimes environmentally damaging. Offshore exploration and extraction of oil disturbs the surrounding marine environment.

WORK DONE BEFORE

1. According to “THE HINDU”HYDERABAD, MARCH 18

A simple test using a filter paper is enough to check the purity of the petrol. In this purity test filter paper should evaporate when two drops of petrol are put on it without leaving a patch or stain.

"Every petrol bunk has filter papers and calibrated measures can be supplied by the Legal Metrology Department. Consumers can demand them and complain to the Civil Supplies or Legal Metrology Department for any discrepancy,"

Another simple test to check the density of petrol is the use of hydrometer and thermometer. The density at a given temperature should be within the range of standard levels chart given by oil companies. A consumer can always ask for density check and any variation beyond permitted levels means it is adulterated.

2. To find the purity of gasoline we should know the octane number of gasoline. For the study of octane number we should have knowledge about following terms -

A Generalized Interaction Method for the Prediction of Octane Numbers for Gasoline Blends

The octane number of a motor gasoline is one of the most important measures of gasoline quality. It has always been the goal of refiners to predict accurately the octane ratings of blending gasoline. The research and motor octane numbers of a gasoline are measurements of its quality of performance as a fuel. The octane number scale itself is based on the linear blending of isooctane and n-heptane. The octane number of a gasoline is measured on a scale that ranges from that equivalent to isooctane (octane number of 100) to that of n-heptane (octane number of 0). Octane number is affected by the saturates, aromatics, and olefins contents of gasoline. When gasoline components are blended together, the octane number of the blend may have an octane number quite different from that of either component,even when the two components are of equal octane number. The blend octane number may be greater than, equal to or less than that calculated from the volumetric average of the octane numbers of the blend components, which indicates nonlinear blending. Blending would be linear if octane number of a blend was equal to that predicted by summing the octane numbers of the components in proportion to their concentrations. In practices, the discrepancies between the octane numbers of blends and the linearly predicted values have been correlated by specific empirical equations and these have been used to correct the linear predictions. It is clear, however, that an accurate octane blending method is needed to optimize the blending of gasoline components.

Research Octane Number

The research octane number of a sample of gasoline is burned inside a test engine and compared with standards of known value burned in the same test engine. The standards consist of mixtures of iso-octane and n-heptane. Since iso-octane has a rating of 100 and n-heptane has a rating of 0, mixtures of intermediates can be created to meet a specific number in between those limits.

Motor Octane Number

Motor octane number (MON) is normally less in value than RON. As an example, a fuel evaluated as 91 RON could give a MON of only 83. Adding these two together and dividing by two would give (91 + 83)/2 = 87 PON. How is the motor octane number determined? It is done in somewhat similar fashion to the method of determining the research octane number. One of the differences is the test engine is run at 900 rpm instead of 600 rpm. This provides an octane value determined under load conditions, and tempers the value for operation under more realistic functioning conditions.

WORK DONE ORIGINALLY

Filter Paper Test (for Petrol)

1. Clean the mouth of the dispensing nozzle to remove stains.

2. Put a drop of petrol on the filter paper from the nozzle.

3. It should evaporate in about 2 minutes without leaving a trace on the filter paper. If a stain is left on the filter paper, there is a possibility of adulteration.

Customer can immediately lodge a complaint if filter paper is not available at Retail outlet for testing of Petrol. It is the duty of the Dealer to provide the filter paper on demand by the customer.

Density Check (for Petrol)

A 500 ml jar, calibrated hydrometer & thermometer and ASTM (American Society for Testing of Materials) conversion charts are required to carry out density test. A hydrometer is a very simple instrument for measuring density of any liquid, which would be different for petrol and diesel.

• Fill about 3/4th of the jar with the product taken through the nozzle of the Dispensing unit.
• Dip the thermometer and the hydrometer in the jar and record the temperature and density.
• The actual density observed is then converted into density at 15 degree centigrade with the help of the conversion chart. This converted density is then compared with reference density taken from the register maintained at the Retail Outlet.

It was identified that the most common adulterants are kerosene and nap as they mix easily with petrol and diesel. They are also available at cheaper price. They not only produce more emissions, but also unburnt soot which has known carcinogens

PROBLEMS IDENTIFIED

• Octane rating reflects the quality, purity, refinement, efficiency and heat bearing capacity of petrol. Hence there are different grades of Petrol for different uses ranging from bikes to spacecrafts. But in India Octane numbers are not shown. There should be display of octane numbers on filling stations.
• Another problem is the irregular check-ups of density of petrol. Therelative density of petrol ranges from 0.71–0.77kg/, higher densities having a greater volume of aromatics. Whereas in India there is no guarantee of proper density of petrol.
• Fuel dispensers are used to pump petrol into vehicles and calculate the financial cost of the fuel transferred to the vehicle.But the price is not feed to the machine and the counter starts from zero to the value which may either result in profit or loss of the customer.
• In most of the parts of India customers are allowed to pump before settling the bill. And afterwards even when demanded the bill is not given.
• There is no proper inspection of meters of Gas Stations and the frequency at which the petrol is fed is not checked timely.
• Petrol pumps are the places which are prone to unwanted accidents. Still proper precautionary measures of safety are not taken. The place is provided with safety equipments but they are not in the optimum usage of them.

These problems have not only raised concerns for consumers but also for the treasury of the government and oil companies. In addition, theseadulteratedproductscause irreparable damage to the environment by significantly adding to the pollution meter.. In 2004 according to a report by Hindu around fifty percent ofpetrolpumps along the National Highway in Chennai were sellingadulterated petroleum. The issue of the purity of fuel products, even after paying a steep price for them, is a big cause for concern. Indeed,adulteration of petrol anddieselinfuel bunkersis a flourishing market, here. This long standing malpractice has plagued the Indian market and the transportation and use ofadulteratedfuelwith close substitutes are rampant.

RESULT AND CONCLUSION

After the successful completion of survey, it is concluded that the average density and the total consumption of petrol in the city is 744.02 gm/ml and 86200liters dailyrespectively. With the tests it was observed that the quality and density of petrol is good and better services are rendered but has a reckless consumption.A report prepared by the Centre for Science and Environment (CSE) had questioned the efficacy of testing labs in the city and raised the need for a chemical or bio-marker, of the kind currently under trial, which could be readily used to conduct on-the-spot quality checks on fossil fuels like petrol and diesel.