Harvard referencing - Library extended guide
Updated: 19 October 2012
Important:This document is meant for use as a guide only.
To avoid losing marks, confirm the referencing requirements of your School with your Lecturer, and consult the Style manual for authors, editors and printers (2002) on which this document is based for clarification and additional examples.
Style manual for authors, editors and printers 2002, 6th edn, John Wiley & Sons, Milton, Qld.
Note: Business students should use the RMIT Business style NOT the general Harvard style.
Introduction 3
Where can I find information about referencing? 3
Plagiarism 3
In-text references - examples 3
Paraphrasing 3
Direct quotes 4
Single author 4
Two or three authors 4
Four or more authors 4
Multiple works 4
Organisation as author 4
Electronic sources 5
The Reference List 5
What is the difference between a reference list and a bibliography? 5
Abbreviations 5
Books: examples 6
Book – single author 6
Book – more than one author 6
Edited book 6
Chapter in an edited book 6
Same author – with more than one cited work published in the same year 6
Book – organization as author 6
E-books 6
E-book from a database 7
E-book from the Internet 7
Encyclopaedia or dictionary 7
Secondary source 7
No date 7
Journal articles: examples 8
Journal article 8
E-journal article from a database 8
E-journal article from the internet 8
In press article 9
Magazine article – no author 9
Newspaper articles 9
Newspaper article 9
Newspaper article from a database 9
Newspaper article from a website 10
Internet sources 10
Discussion list message 10
Newsgroup message 10
Blogs 10
Website documents 10
Reports 11
Government publications 11
Parliamentary debates 11
Australian Bureau of Statistics 12
Legislation and legal cases 12
Legislation 12
Legal cases 12
Other sources 12
Conference paper 12
Thesis 13
Patent 13
Standard from a database 13
CD-ROM 13
DVD, film, video 13
TV and radio program 13
Media release 14
Personal communication 14
Introduction
The author-date system originated at Harvard University. Although it no longer produces a standard guide to referencing, a version of the author-date system is still commonly referred to as the Harvard style.
Each reference is indicated in the text by the author and date of the publication cited, sometimes with added information such as page numbers. The full details of these references are listed at the end of the text in a Reference list. There are many variations of the Harvard style, so make sure that you check with your School as to what it requires.
Further details and examples may be found in the Style manual for authors, editors and printers (2002). Electronic resources are not adequately addressed in the Style manual for authors, editors and printers (2002) and so the principles of author-date citing have been applied in developing those examples.
The information and examples are derived from the following source: Style manual for authors, editors and printers 2002, 6th edn, John Wiley & Sons, Australia.
Where can I find information about referencing?
Information about referencing can be found on:
· Library’s Referencing guides [http://www.rmit.edu.au/library/referencing]
· Study Smart: Referencing [https://www.dlsweb.rmit.edu.au/lsu/content/B_DSC/studysmart/referencing.html]
· Learning Lab’s Writing skills [http://emedia.rmit.edu.au/learninglab/content/referencing]
Plagiarism
Information about plagiarism can be found on the Information for Students page [http://www.rmit.edu.au/academicintegrity/students].
In-text references - examples
In the text of your essay or thesis, identify your source by giving, in parentheses, the author’s name and year of publication of the publication of the work to which reference has been made. From this in-text reference, the reader can turn to the reference list for full publication details.
There are two ways of referencing in-text – paraphrasing and using direct quotes.
Paraphrasing
Paraphrasing means that you are expressing the ideas of the author(s) in your own words. It is used to indicate to the reader
· your understanding of the content in the reference you are using, and
· your ability to relevantly and appropriately use ideas and information to support an argument or an opinion.
Include the author’s name and date of publication by either
· adding the citation at the end of the sentence, or
· using the author’s name as part of your sentence.
It is argued that business takes advantage of its power (Carroll 2012).
Carroll (2012) argues that business takes advantage of its power.
Direct quotes
Direct quotes are when the exact words of the author(s) are used. They should be kept to a minimum. When using direct quotes, include the author’s name, date of publication and page number. If directly quoting from a work, use single quotation marks around the text being quoted.
Include the author’s name and date of publication by either:
· adding the citation at the end of the sentence, or
· using the author’s name as part of your sentence.
Single author
It is argued that ... (Carroll 2012).
‘A major criticism of business is that it abuses its power’ (Carroll 2012, p. 26).
Carroll (2012, p. 26) argues that ‘a major criticism of business is that it abuses its power’.
When an author has published more than one cited article in the same year, distinguish each article by using a lower case letter after the year within the brackets. (This is also used in the reference list.)
According to Deveau (2012a) there is …
Deveau (2012b) states that …
Two or three authors
Where there are two or three authors, use an ampersand (&) to join them for the in-text citation in parentheses. Use the word ‘and’ if the reference is part of the sentence.
It is suggested that … (Cabrera & Unruh 2012).
Kuratko, Goldsby and Hornsby (2012) suggest that …
Four or more authors
If there are four or more authors, only include the first author in your in-text citation and add the words ‘et al.’ (meaning ‘and others’) after that name. However, the Reference List should include all authors.
It is recommended that … (Chalkley et al. 2012).
Chalkley et al. (2012) recommend that …
Multiple works
If citing multiple works at one point in the text, it is recommended that the authors’ names be ordered alphabetically inside the parentheses, with a semicolon to separate them.
· Note the use of the ampersand (&) and 'and' in the two examples below.
It has been claimed that … (Carroll 2012; Chalkley et al. 2012; Kuratko, Goldsby & Hornsby 2012).
Carroll (2012), Chalkley et al. (2012) and Kuratko, Goldsby and Hornsby (2012) claim that…
Organisation as author
It has been concluded that … (Business Council of Australia 2010).
Business Council of Australia (2010) concludes that …
Electronic sources
Many electronic sources do not provide page numbers unless they are in PDF format. If quoting or paraphrasing from a website, that is NOT a PDF, then use as part of the in-text reference either
· a section heading, (e.g. Royal Botanic Gardens Melbourne 2011, article 3), or
· a paragraph number (e.g. Royal Botanic Gardens Melbourne 2011, para.7).
The Reference List
· The Reference List is arranged alphabetically by author, and thereafter chronologically, starting with the earliest date.
· The publication details of every item cited or used in your writing must be included in the reference list at the end of your paper. Any websites used must also be documented in full. This enables the reader to locate the source if they wish.
· Each reference list entry requires a specific format depending on the reference type, i.e. whether it is a book, book chapter, journal article, website, etc.
· In general, the order of elements contained within each reference should include: author – date – title of work – title of larger work (if any) – publishing details – date of access (if electronic).
· Apart from the author and date, each element is separated from the others with a comma and the citation finishes with a full stop.
· In the Harvard style, sources that are not cited in the text but are relevant to the subject may be listed separately as a bibliography.
What is the difference between a reference list and a bibliography?
· A reference list details in alphabetical order by author family name all the works and data sources you have cited in your written work.
· A bibliography lists, in alphabetical order by author family name, all the works and data sources you have used or accessed to create your written work.
Abbreviations
Acceptable abbreviations in the reference list for parts of books and other publications include:
app. / appendixc. / circa
ch. / chapter
ed. (eds) / editor (editors) (NB: no full stop for editors)
edn / edition (NB: no full stop)
et al. / and others
n.d. / no date
n.p. / no place
no. / number
p., pp. / page/s
para. / paragraph
pt, pts / part(s) (NB: no full stops)
rev. / revised
suppl. / supplement
vol. / volume (as in Vol.4)
vols / volumes (as in 4 volumes) (NB: no full stop)
Books: examples
Book – single author
Author’s surname, Initials Year, Title of book, Edition, Publisher, Place of publication.
Carroll, AB 2012, Business & society: ethics, sustainability, and stakeholder management, 8th edn, South-Western/Cengage Learning, Mason, OH.
Book – more than one author
(List all authors, in order of appearance on the title page of the book, and use an ampersand (&) to separate the last two.)
Kuratko, DF, Goldsby, MG & Hornsby, JS 2012, Innovation acceleration: transforming organizational thinking, Pearson, Boston.
Chalkley, T, Brown, A, Goodman, M, Cinque, T, Warren, B, Hobbs, M & Finn, M 2012, Communication, new media and everyday life, Oxford University Press, South Melbourne, Vic.
Edited book
Author’s surname, Initials (ed. OR eds) Year, Title of book, Edition, Publisher, Place of publication.
Lubkin, IM & Larsen, PD (eds) 2013, Chronic illness: impact and interventions, 8th edn, Jones & Bartlett Learning, Burlington, MA.
Chapter in an edited book
Author’s surname, Initials Year, ‘Title of chapter’, in Author/s of book (ed. OR eds), Title of book, Edition, Publisher, Place of publication, Page number(s).
Schirm, V 2013, ‘Quality of life’, in IM Lubkin & PD Larsen (eds), Chronic illness: impact and interventions, 8th edn, Jones & Bartlett Learning, Burlington, MA, pp. 183-206.
Same author – with more than one cited work published in the same year
Dutton, M, 2012a, Dutton's orthopaedic examination, evaluation, and intervention, 3rd edn, McGraw-Hill Medical, New York.
Dutton, M, 2012b, Orthopaedics for the physical therapist assistant, Jones & Bartlett Learning, Sudbury, MA.
Book – organization as author
Name of organisation, Year of publication, Title, Publisher, Place of publication.
Business Council of Australia 2010, Balancing act: fiscal and policy priorities to support growth: BCA budget submission 2010-11, Business Council of Australia, Melbourne.
E-books
Note: Style manual for authors, editors and printers (2002) does not distinguish between printed sources and those sourced electronically. The following is a suggested procedure for referencing e-books.
If an e-book is retrieved electronically from a library database in page image format, e.g. in an Acrobat (PDF) file, cite it the same as for the original printed book. Where alternative formats are available, it is recommended to choose page image format.
If an e-book is retrieved from a library database where it has been reformatted, e.g. as HTML or plain text, or is from a website, cite the source you have used, as images, charts, page numbers, etc. may have been removed. Where the source is a library database, give the database’s name. If it is from the Internet, give the URL.
E-book from a database
Author’s surname, Initials Year of publication, Title of book, Edition, Publisher, Place of publication, viewed day month year, database name.
Benavides, EM 2012, Advanced engineering design: an integrated approach, Woodhead Publishing, Cambridge, UK, viewed 1 October 2012, Knovel database.
E-book from the Internet
Author’s surname, Initials Year of publication, ‘Title of chapter’, [in] Author of book (if different), Title of book, Edition, Publisher, Place of publication, viewed day month year, <URL>.
Khan, SR, Benda, T & Stagnaro, MN 2012, ‘Stereotyping from the perspective of perceivers and targets’, in Online Readings in Psychology and Culture, Unit 5, International Association for Cross-Cultural Psychology, Grand Valley State University, Allendale, MI, viewed 10 July 2012, <http://scholarworks.gvsu.edu/orpc/vol5/iss1/1>.
Encyclopaedia or dictionary
Encyclopaedias and dictionaries should only be cited in the in-text reference, NOT in the Reference List.
It is stated that … (Encyclopedia of computer science 2012)
Historical dictionary of Spanish cinema (2010) defines it as …
Secondary source
A secondary source is when one author’s work is cited in that of another’s. You must include the authors of both the secondary and primary sources in the in-text reference. However, in the Reference List, include only the source you have read.
In-text:
Heath and Scott (cited in Hosany & Martin 2012) believe that...
It is believed that... (Heath & Scott, cited in Hosany & Martin 2012)
Reference List:
Hosany, S & Martin, D 2012, ‘Self-image congruence in consumer behavior’, Journal of Business Research, vol. 65, no. 5, pp. 685-691, viewed 27 May 2012, Elsevier SD Freedom Collection.
No date
Works that do not have a publication date may be cited using the expression n.d. (no date).
In-text:
(NSW Food Authority n.d.)
OR
NSW Food Authority (n.d.)
Reference List:
NSW Food Authority n.d., Shelf stable acid preserved foods: factors affecting the shelf stability of acid foods, NSW Food Authority, viewed 11 July 2012, http://www.foodauthority.nsw.gov.au/_Documents/science/shelf-stable-acid-preserved-foods.pdf>.
Journal articles: examples
Note: Capitalise the first letter of the first word, and each of the major words of the journal name. Do not use capital letters for words such as on, for, in, and. E.g. The Australian Journal of Language and Literacy.
Journal article
Author(s) of article - surname and initials Year of publication, ‘Title of article’, Journal name, volume number, issue number, page number(s).