AJ – Maturitní otázka č. 5
ANIMALS
ANIMAL KINGDOM – history of sorting:
Animal kingdom is very big – it includes thousands of species and that is why it is not always easy to assort them. The very first men, who tried it, was Greek pundit called Aristotle. He divided animal kingdom into two groups: animals with blood and animals without blood.
This system had been accepted until 18th century. Then Swedish scientist Carl Linné created a new better system based on likeness between single animals. He also introduced the binomial nomenclature. It means that each species is termed by two words. Both Aristotle’s and Linné’s system of animal kingdom were artificial systems.
After publishing Charles Darwin’s thoughts about natural selection/survival of the fittestscientists started devising natural systems of animal kingdom based on kinships of animals.
Even now it is still difficult to assort some animals and so the system of animal kingdom has been changed many times and because of discovering new creatures (mainly in the sea) it will be never definitive.
The most numerous and known groups of animals are mammals, birds, fishes, reptiles, insects and primitive organisms living in waters.
WILD ANIMALS:
Animals living in the open are called wild animals. Their natural habitats can be waters, forests, meadows, highlandsand lowlands, hot or cold places anywhere in the word.
Wild animals are not easy to tame and plenty of them don’t like or even won’t survive being captured. There are also many species, that are due to men‘s wonting and longing endangered and they may die off soon. (For example: great pandas, whales, bears or cheetahs.)
The most comfortable way to see wild animals in person is to visit a ZOO or a safari park. We can see there various kinds of animals. The most popular are beast of prey like a cheetah, jaguar, leopard, lion, panther, bear, lynx, jackal, tiger, wolf or fox. Very popular are also exotic animals like an elephant, giraffe, zebra, camel, kangaroo, hippo or monkeys.
Some people visit Zoos to see reptiles like snakes, alligators, crocodiles or turtles and other people enjoy watching sea animals. The most interesting ones are usually whales, orcas, sharks, dolphins, seals, starfish and seahorses.
At Zoos can be seen also birds and insects. Popular birds are glades like eagles, falcons, hawks, condors, kestrels or buzzards, and exotic birds like flamingos, parrots, ibises or pelicans. Some people also admire owls, bats and an ostrich. In the section showing insects we can see both beautifulbutterflies and fearful walking leaves, scorpions or spiders.
DOMESTIC ANIMALS, PETS AND CAPTURED ANIMALS:
Most animals live in the open air, but there are also ones that are domesticated and kept and bred in captivity.
For man, the most important animals are domestic animals. They are usually kept on special farms and provide mankind with meat and animal products, like milk, eggs, wool, feather or leather.
The most important domestic animals are:
poultry – they are chickens, hens an turkeys and their meat is called paltry
cattle – they are cows, bulls andcalves, and their meat is called beef and veal
pigs – they are porkers, sows and piglets and their meat is called pork
sheep – they are ewes, tups and lambs and their meat is called lamb
horses – they are stallion, mare, foal
goat, billi-goat and kids
ducks and drakes
geese and ghunders
dogs, bitches and puppies
cats, tomcats, kittens
rabbits
A lot of people (especially children) keep animal for entertainment and joy. Such animals are called pets. The most popular pets are dogs and pets, then colored parrots that are able to repeat words and small rodents like mice, hamsters, guinea pigs or little rabbits. Boys quite often prefer big spiders, scorpions, snakes, walking leaves. Popular are also turtles or small exotic fishes. There are also exceptions who keep as a pet some chameleons, raccoons or crocodiles.
At the moment I have a pet. It is a bitch called Míša. She’s very spoilt and looks so innocent that I allow her everything. My sister has a tortoise called Turtlíňa, but it is rather boring animal since it can only eat and sleep and sometimes walks. When I was younger a have gradually three hamsters called Pepa Kryska I, Pepa Kryska II and Pepe Kryska III. I had also fishes but I forgot to turn on the radiator on in my bedroom one winter day and they froze. I’d like to have a hamster one day again because it’s a funny animal.
On one hand there are wild animals living in the open air and on the other hand there are also wild animals leaving in captivity either at ZOOs, which is the better case, or researching institutes, which is the worst case. The scientists utilize them for making medical or cosmetics experiments in laboratories. It is difficult to say, weather it is good or bad. Without their killing we wouldn’t have many medicaments and knowledge about their lives, as well.
For medical research are usually utilized mice, rats, rabbits, dogs, cats or monkeys.
MY FEARS, FAVOURITE ANIMALS AND FAVOURITE MEAL:
I respect big animals like cows, horses, bulls and so on. Because I can’t control them perfectly well they make me feel afraid a little bit. I don’t afraid of most animal at daylight but at night I can be scared of anything. I detest nearly all insects. I would never touch big spider, bristled caterpillars, or big beetles (except for a lady bird). I hate mosquitoes and flies.
My favorite animals are medially big dogs, then cats, dolphins, elephants, ladybirds, butterflies, peacocks … just everything, what look nice. Very cute are all baby-animals. If I were very rich I would have as a guard dog a big cat.
I love animals and so I hate people who hunt animal for their skins or tusks to get money. I also don’t agree with keeping animals in cages and Zoos, but the Zoos are sometimes the only way to safe critically endangered species. I also deplore keeping animals in circuses, because they are really not place to keep animals. I would also never buy a fur coat.
My favorite animal food is sea food and paltry. I like all kinds of fishes, chicken and turkey. I really hate lamb, because it smells bad according to me and I am also not very fond of beef, because it too tough. I admire vegetarians for their refusing animal meal, because I can’t imagine my life without already mentioned fishes. I also admire vegans, who don’t eat anything produced by animals. I think that refusing all animal products is not good for the health as diary products help organism to work better.
ANIMAL PROVERBS AND IDIOMS
You can’t teach and old dog new tricks.
You can’t lead a horse to water but you can’t make it drink.
Don’t count your chickens (before they hatch).
The early bird catches the worm.
He is as slow as a snail.
He is as lazy as a pig.
He is as wise as an owl.
He is as busy as a bee.
He treats me like a dog.
When somebody is dogged, he is stubborn.
ANIMALS
ANIMAL KINGDOM – history of sorting
WILD ANIMALS
DOMESTIC ANIMALS
PETS
CAPTURED ANIMALS
MY FEARS
FAVOURITE ANIMALS
FAVOURITE MEAL
ANIMAL PROVERBS AND IDIOMS
Vocabulary:
živočišná říše, faunaanimal kingdom
zvířecí, živočišnýanimal
zvíře, živočichanimal
domácí zvíředomestic animal
dravé zvířepredatory animal
dravec (v říši savců)predator
mořský živočichsea animal
zvířata aktivní vnocianimal active at night
čtyřnohé zvířefour-legged animal
vodní živočichaquatic animal
živé zvířelive animal
jednat jako zvířeto animalize
bytost, tvorcreature
obratlovecvertebrate
bezobratlovecinvertebrate
ptákbird
ptáčekbirdie
dravý pták, dravecglede
mořský ptáksea bird
noční ptáknight bird
vodní ptákwater bird
zpěvný ptáksongbird
pozorovat ptáky ve volnéto bird-watch
přírodě
jestřábhawk
kondorcondor
poštolkakestrel
sokolfalcon
supvultur
kachna, kačerduck
divoká kachnamallard
káněbuzzard
kosblackbird
kukačkakokoo
oreleagle
vrabecsparrow
zobák (zahnutý)beak
křídlowing
peřífeadher
ptačí hejnoflock
hnízdonest
skořápka vajíčkaeggshell
šelmabeast of prey
kočkovitá šelmacatamount
medvědbear
lední medvědpolar bear
mývalraccoon
fretkaferret
gepardcheetah
tchořpolecat
jezevecbadger
jaguárjaguar
tygrtiger
leopardleopard
panterpanther
levlion
ryslynx
divoká kočkawildcat
liškafox
vlkwolf
šakaljackal
hyenahyena
dobytek, skotcattle, livestok, stok
chov dobytkacattle breeding
porážet dobytekto slaughter
vyhnat dobytekto drive the cattle out
krávacow
býkbull
telecalf
vůlbullock
prasepig
selepiggy, piglet
ovcesheep
berantup
jehnělamb
kozagoat
kozelhe-goat, billy goat
kůzlekid
kůňhorse
kobylamare
hřebecstallion
hříběfoal
oseldonkey, ass
drůbežpoultry
kur domácidomestic fowl
slepicehen, chicken
kohoutcock, cockerel
kuřechicken
husagoose
housebee house, gosling
krocan, krůtaturkey
holubpigeon
králíkrabbit
kočkacat
kocourtomcat
kotěkitten
pesdog
hlídací peswatchdog, guard dog
fenabitch
štěněpuppy
rybafish
sladkovodní rybafreshwater fish
mořská rybasea fish
pstruhtrout
sardel, ančovičkaanchovy
pečená rybafish fry
uzená rybakipper
hejno rybshoal
karas stříbřitýsilver fish
sumeccatfish, barbel
kaprcarp
karascrucian
líntench
okounbass
štikapike
lovit ryby, rybařitto fish
chodit na rybyto go fishing
pilounsawfish
síťnet
obchod srybamifish shop
úhořeel
sleďherring
treskacod
losossalmon
makrelamackerel
platýsplaice
sardinkasardine
tuňáktunna, tuny
žralokshark
hlodaverodent
myšmouse
past na myšimousetrap
bobrbeaver
hrabošvole
krysa, potkanrat
křečekhamster
lumíklemming
morčeguinea pig
syselsouslik
veverkasquirrel
zajíchare
hmyzinsect
říše hmyzuthe insect world
blechaflea
broučekbug
kobylkagrasshooper
sarančelocust
rojswarm
strašilkawalking leaf
vážkadragonfly
štěnicebedbug, chinch
broukbeetle
svižníktiger beetle
roháčstag beetle
skarabscarab
hrobaříkcarrion beetle
kovaříkclick beetle
beruškaladybird, ladybeetle
tesaříksawyer beetle
motýlbutterfly
můramoth
otakárekswallow-tail
babočka admirálscarlet/red admiral
babočka paví okopeacock butterfly
poletovatto flit
třepetatto flutter
červworm
larvalarva
krovkawing-case
pavoukspider
pavučinaspider’s web
chroustcockchafer
cikádacicada
cvrčekcricket
čmelákbumblebee
housenkacaterpillar
hovniváldunk beetle
jepicemayfly
klíštětick
komármoquito
křižák (pavouk)cross spider
kudlanka nábožnápraying mantis
mandelinkapotato beetle
masařkablowfly
mouchafly
mravenecant
mšicegreenfly
sršeňhornet
světluškafire-fly
štírscorpion
včela bee
veš dětskáhead louse
vosawasp
plazreptile
hadsnake, serpent
hroznýš královskýboa conscrictor
krajtapython
kobracobra
užovkagrass snake
zmijeviper
aligátoraligator
krokodýlcrocodile
chameleónchameleon
ještěrkalizard
suchozemská želvatortoise
mořská želvaturtle
tučňákpenguin
čápstork
ibisibis
labuťswan
ledňáčekkingfisher
pelikánpelican
plameňákflamingo
potápkadipper
racekseagull
rybákarctic tern
volavkaheron
kytoveccetacean
velrybawhale
delfíndolphin
kosatkaorca
lachtan, tuleňseal
mrožwalrous
kopytníkungulate (animal)
antilopaasntelope
bizon, buvolbuffalo
gazelagazelle
hrochhippo
jelenstag
kozorožecibex
laň, srnadoe
loselk
muflonmoufflon
nosorožecrhino
slonelephant
sobreindeer
velbloudcamel
zebrazebra
žirafagiraffe
žížalaearthworm
prvokprotozoan
nálevníkinfusorian
měňavkaamoeba
trepka(carpet) slipper
virvirus
savecmammal
vodní savecaquatic mammal
hmyzožravecinsectivore
ježekhedgehog
krtekmole
mravenečníkaneater
netopýrbat
býložravecherbivore
sova, výrowl
sova pálenábarn-owl
kalous ušatýhorned owl
sýčeklittle owl
papoušekparrot
andulkabudgie
kakaducockatoo
kanárekcanary
kolibříkhummingbird
pštrosostrich
tukantoucan
obojživelníkamphibia
čoleknewt
mloksalamander
žábafrog
pulectadpole
ropuchatoad
rosničkafree frog
skokan (žába) brown frog
primátprimacy
opicemonkey
poloopiceprosimian
gorilagorilla
lemurlemur
orangutanorangutan
paviánbaboon
šimpanzchimpanzee
strunatecchordate
korýšcrustacean, shellfish
slávkamussel
měkkýšmollusc, shellfish
chobotniceoctopus
krabcrab
humrlobster
garnát, krevetaprawn, shrimp
ústřiceoyster
kaviárcaviar
medúzajellyfish
rakcrayfish
plžsnail
mlžclam
škeblebivalve
členovecarthropod
ploštěnkaplanaria
nezmarhydra
hlemýžď, šneksnail
kroužkovecannelid
klokankangaroo
koalakoala
pandapanda
stonožkamillipede