AJ – Maturitní otázka č. 5

ANIMALS

ANIMAL KINGDOM – history of sorting:

Animal kingdom is very big – it includes thousands of species and that is why it is not always easy to assort them. The very first men, who tried it, was Greek pundit called Aristotle. He divided animal kingdom into two groups: animals with blood and animals without blood.

This system had been accepted until 18th century. Then Swedish scientist Carl Linné created a new better system based on likeness between single animals. He also introduced the binomial nomenclature. It means that each species is termed by two words. Both Aristotle’s and Linné’s system of animal kingdom were artificial systems.

After publishing Charles Darwin’s thoughts about natural selection/survival of the fittestscientists started devising natural systems of animal kingdom based on kinships of animals.

Even now it is still difficult to assort some animals and so the system of animal kingdom has been changed many times and because of discovering new creatures (mainly in the sea) it will be never definitive.

The most numerous and known groups of animals are mammals, birds, fishes, reptiles, insects and primitive organisms living in waters.

WILD ANIMALS:

Animals living in the open are called wild animals. Their natural habitats can be waters, forests, meadows, highlandsand lowlands, hot or cold places anywhere in the word.

Wild animals are not easy to tame and plenty of them don’t like or even won’t survive being captured. There are also many species, that are due to men‘s wonting and longing endangered and they may die off soon. (For example: great pandas, whales, bears or cheetahs.)

The most comfortable way to see wild animals in person is to visit a ZOO or a safari park. We can see there various kinds of animals. The most popular are beast of prey like a cheetah, jaguar, leopard, lion, panther, bear, lynx, jackal, tiger, wolf or fox. Very popular are also exotic animals like an elephant, giraffe, zebra, camel, kangaroo, hippo or monkeys.

Some people visit Zoos to see reptiles like snakes, alligators, crocodiles or turtles and other people enjoy watching sea animals. The most interesting ones are usually whales, orcas, sharks, dolphins, seals, starfish and seahorses.

At Zoos can be seen also birds and insects. Popular birds are glades like eagles, falcons, hawks, condors, kestrels or buzzards, and exotic birds like flamingos, parrots, ibises or pelicans. Some people also admire owls, bats and an ostrich. In the section showing insects we can see both beautifulbutterflies and fearful walking leaves, scorpions or spiders.

DOMESTIC ANIMALS, PETS AND CAPTURED ANIMALS:

Most animals live in the open air, but there are also ones that are domesticated and kept and bred in captivity.

For man, the most important animals are domestic animals. They are usually kept on special farms and provide mankind with meat and animal products, like milk, eggs, wool, feather or leather.

The most important domestic animals are:

poultry – they are chickens, hens an turkeys and their meat is called paltry

cattle – they are cows, bulls andcalves, and their meat is called beef and veal

pigs – they are porkers, sows and piglets and their meat is called pork

sheep – they are ewes, tups and lambs and their meat is called lamb

horses – they are stallion, mare, foal

goat, billi-goat and kids

ducks and drakes

geese and ghunders

dogs, bitches and puppies

cats, tomcats, kittens

rabbits

A lot of people (especially children) keep animal for entertainment and joy. Such animals are called pets. The most popular pets are dogs and pets, then colored parrots that are able to repeat words and small rodents like mice, hamsters, guinea pigs or little rabbits. Boys quite often prefer big spiders, scorpions, snakes, walking leaves. Popular are also turtles or small exotic fishes. There are also exceptions who keep as a pet some chameleons, raccoons or crocodiles.

At the moment I have a pet. It is a bitch called Míša. She’s very spoilt and looks so innocent that I allow her everything. My sister has a tortoise called Turtlíňa, but it is rather boring animal since it can only eat and sleep and sometimes walks. When I was younger a have gradually three hamsters called Pepa Kryska I, Pepa Kryska II and Pepe Kryska III. I had also fishes but I forgot to turn on the radiator on in my bedroom one winter day and they froze. I’d like to have a hamster one day again because it’s a funny animal.

On one hand there are wild animals living in the open air and on the other hand there are also wild animals leaving in captivity either at ZOOs, which is the better case, or researching institutes, which is the worst case. The scientists utilize them for making medical or cosmetics experiments in laboratories. It is difficult to say, weather it is good or bad. Without their killing we wouldn’t have many medicaments and knowledge about their lives, as well.

For medical research are usually utilized mice, rats, rabbits, dogs, cats or monkeys.

MY FEARS, FAVOURITE ANIMALS AND FAVOURITE MEAL:

I respect big animals like cows, horses, bulls and so on. Because I can’t control them perfectly well they make me feel afraid a little bit. I don’t afraid of most animal at daylight but at night I can be scared of anything. I detest nearly all insects. I would never touch big spider, bristled caterpillars, or big beetles (except for a lady bird). I hate mosquitoes and flies.

My favorite animals are medially big dogs, then cats, dolphins, elephants, ladybirds, butterflies, peacocks … just everything, what look nice. Very cute are all baby-animals. If I were very rich I would have as a guard dog a big cat.

I love animals and so I hate people who hunt animal for their skins or tusks to get money. I also don’t agree with keeping animals in cages and Zoos, but the Zoos are sometimes the only way to safe critically endangered species. I also deplore keeping animals in circuses, because they are really not place to keep animals. I would also never buy a fur coat.

My favorite animal food is sea food and paltry. I like all kinds of fishes, chicken and turkey. I really hate lamb, because it smells bad according to me and I am also not very fond of beef, because it too tough. I admire vegetarians for their refusing animal meal, because I can’t imagine my life without already mentioned fishes. I also admire vegans, who don’t eat anything produced by animals. I think that refusing all animal products is not good for the health as diary products help organism to work better.

ANIMAL PROVERBS AND IDIOMS

You can’t teach and old dog new tricks.

You can’t lead a horse to water but you can’t make it drink.

Don’t count your chickens (before they hatch).

The early bird catches the worm.

He is as slow as a snail.

He is as lazy as a pig.

He is as wise as an owl.

He is as busy as a bee.

He treats me like a dog.

When somebody is dogged, he is stubborn.

ANIMALS

ANIMAL KINGDOM – history of sorting

WILD ANIMALS

DOMESTIC ANIMALS

PETS

CAPTURED ANIMALS

MY FEARS

FAVOURITE ANIMALS

FAVOURITE MEAL

ANIMAL PROVERBS AND IDIOMS

Vocabulary:

živočišná říše, faunaanimal kingdom

zvířecí, živočišnýanimal

zvíře, živočichanimal

domácí zvíředomestic animal

dravé zvířepredatory animal

dravec (v říši savců)predator

mořský živočichsea animal

zvířata aktivní vnocianimal active at night

čtyřnohé zvířefour-legged animal

vodní živočichaquatic animal

živé zvířelive animal

jednat jako zvířeto animalize

bytost, tvorcreature

obratlovecvertebrate

bezobratlovecinvertebrate

ptákbird

ptáčekbirdie

dravý pták, dravecglede

mořský ptáksea bird

noční ptáknight bird

vodní ptákwater bird

zpěvný ptáksongbird

pozorovat ptáky ve volnéto bird-watch

přírodě

jestřábhawk

kondorcondor

poštolkakestrel

sokolfalcon

supvultur

kachna, kačerduck

divoká kachnamallard

káněbuzzard

kosblackbird

kukačkakokoo

oreleagle

vrabecsparrow

zobák (zahnutý)beak

křídlowing

peřífeadher

ptačí hejnoflock

hnízdonest

skořápka vajíčkaeggshell

šelmabeast of prey

kočkovitá šelmacatamount

medvědbear

lední medvědpolar bear

mývalraccoon

fretkaferret

gepardcheetah

tchořpolecat

jezevecbadger

jaguárjaguar

tygrtiger

leopardleopard

panterpanther

levlion

ryslynx

divoká kočkawildcat

liškafox

vlkwolf

šakaljackal

hyenahyena

dobytek, skotcattle, livestok, stok

chov dobytkacattle breeding

porážet dobytekto slaughter

vyhnat dobytekto drive the cattle out

krávacow

býkbull

telecalf

vůlbullock

prasepig

selepiggy, piglet

ovcesheep

berantup

jehnělamb

kozagoat

kozelhe-goat, billy goat

kůzlekid

kůňhorse

kobylamare

hřebecstallion

hříběfoal

oseldonkey, ass

drůbežpoultry

kur domácidomestic fowl

slepicehen, chicken

kohoutcock, cockerel

kuřechicken

husagoose

housebee house, gosling

krocan, krůtaturkey

holubpigeon

králíkrabbit

kočkacat

kocourtomcat

kotěkitten

pesdog

hlídací peswatchdog, guard dog

fenabitch

štěněpuppy

rybafish

sladkovodní rybafreshwater fish

mořská rybasea fish

pstruhtrout

sardel, ančovičkaanchovy

pečená rybafish fry

uzená rybakipper

hejno rybshoal

karas stříbřitýsilver fish

sumeccatfish, barbel

kaprcarp

karascrucian

líntench

okounbass

štikapike

lovit ryby, rybařitto fish

chodit na rybyto go fishing

pilounsawfish

síťnet

obchod srybamifish shop

úhořeel

sleďherring

treskacod

losossalmon

makrelamackerel

platýsplaice

sardinkasardine

tuňáktunna, tuny

žralokshark

hlodaverodent

myšmouse

past na myšimousetrap

bobrbeaver

hrabošvole

krysa, potkanrat

křečekhamster

lumíklemming

morčeguinea pig

syselsouslik

veverkasquirrel

zajíchare

hmyzinsect

říše hmyzuthe insect world

blechaflea

broučekbug

kobylkagrasshooper

sarančelocust

rojswarm

strašilkawalking leaf

vážkadragonfly

štěnicebedbug, chinch

broukbeetle

svižníktiger beetle

roháčstag beetle

skarabscarab

hrobaříkcarrion beetle

kovaříkclick beetle

beruškaladybird, ladybeetle

tesaříksawyer beetle

motýlbutterfly

můramoth

otakárekswallow-tail

babočka admirálscarlet/red admiral

babočka paví okopeacock butterfly

poletovatto flit

třepetatto flutter

červworm

larvalarva

krovkawing-case

pavoukspider

pavučinaspider’s web

chroustcockchafer

cikádacicada

cvrčekcricket

čmelákbumblebee

housenkacaterpillar

hovniváldunk beetle

jepicemayfly

klíštětick

komármoquito

křižák (pavouk)cross spider

kudlanka nábožnápraying mantis

mandelinkapotato beetle

masařkablowfly

mouchafly

mravenecant

mšicegreenfly

sršeňhornet

světluškafire-fly

štírscorpion

včela bee

veš dětskáhead louse

vosawasp

plazreptile

hadsnake, serpent

hroznýš královskýboa conscrictor

krajtapython

kobracobra

užovkagrass snake

zmijeviper

aligátoraligator

krokodýlcrocodile

chameleónchameleon

ještěrkalizard

suchozemská želvatortoise

mořská želvaturtle

tučňákpenguin

čápstork

ibisibis

labuťswan

ledňáčekkingfisher

pelikánpelican

plameňákflamingo

potápkadipper

racekseagull

rybákarctic tern

volavkaheron

kytoveccetacean

velrybawhale

delfíndolphin

kosatkaorca

lachtan, tuleňseal

mrožwalrous

kopytníkungulate (animal)

antilopaasntelope

bizon, buvolbuffalo

gazelagazelle

hrochhippo

jelenstag

kozorožecibex

laň, srnadoe

loselk

muflonmoufflon

nosorožecrhino

slonelephant

sobreindeer

velbloudcamel

zebrazebra

žirafagiraffe

žížalaearthworm

prvokprotozoan

nálevníkinfusorian

měňavkaamoeba

trepka(carpet) slipper

virvirus

savecmammal

vodní savecaquatic mammal

hmyzožravecinsectivore

ježekhedgehog

krtekmole

mravenečníkaneater

netopýrbat

býložravecherbivore

sova, výrowl

sova pálenábarn-owl

kalous ušatýhorned owl

sýčeklittle owl

papoušekparrot

andulkabudgie

kakaducockatoo

kanárekcanary

kolibříkhummingbird

pštrosostrich

tukantoucan

obojživelníkamphibia

čoleknewt

mloksalamander

žábafrog

pulectadpole

ropuchatoad

rosničkafree frog

skokan (žába) brown frog

primátprimacy

opicemonkey

poloopiceprosimian

gorilagorilla

lemurlemur

orangutanorangutan

paviánbaboon

šimpanzchimpanzee

strunatecchordate

korýšcrustacean, shellfish

slávkamussel

měkkýšmollusc, shellfish

chobotniceoctopus

krabcrab

humrlobster

garnát, krevetaprawn, shrimp

ústřiceoyster

kaviárcaviar

medúzajellyfish

rakcrayfish

plžsnail

mlžclam

škeblebivalve

členovecarthropod

ploštěnkaplanaria

nezmarhydra

hlemýžď, šneksnail

kroužkovecannelid

klokankangaroo

koalakoala

pandapanda

stonožkamillipede