Table, Supplemental Content 1: Surgical approaches for brainstem cavernomas described in literature: number of patients, cavernoma location (when described), surgical approaches, lesion residual (when described), new permanent deficits after surgery (when described), morbidity.

Author, Year / Nr. of Patients / Lesion location / Surgical approach / Residual lesion / New permanent deficits / Morbidity
Pechstein et al.16, 1997 / 7 / Median suboccipital 4
Lateral suboccipital 1
Subtemporal transtentorial 1
Frontal transcortical-transventricualr.subchoroidal-transvelum interpositum
Cantore et al.19, 1999 / 12 / Medullar paramedian oblique
Paramedian sagittal pons / 2 deaths / 2:12
Porter et al.17,
1999 / 100 (3 pt with 2 lesions) / Suboccipital 26 / 10 pt / 10:103
Far lateral 16
Orbitozygomatic 11
Supracerebellar infratentorial 8
Retrosigmoid 7
Retrolabyrintine 5
Subtemporal 4
Supra + infratentorial 3
Pterional 2
Translabyrintine 2
Transcochlear 1
Occipital intermhemispheric 1
Samii et al.22, 2001 / 36 / Median suboccipital transventricular 35 / 5 pt needing personal assistance for daily life / 5:36
Lateral suboccipital presigmoid 1
Viñas et al.27, 2002 / 8 / Cerebral peduncle 2 / Ant.Subtemporal 2 / 2 pt / 2:8
Pons 4 / Transpetrosal 3
Presigmoid retrolabyrintic 1
Medulla 2 / Far lateral 1
Suboccipital 1
Ferroli et al.6, 2005 / 52 / Bulbar 7 / Suboccipital midline 6 / 4 / 10 pt / 11:52
Far lateral suboccipital 1
Bulbopontine 3 / Suboccipital midline 1
Far lateral suboccipital 2
Pontine 31 / Suboccipital midline 4
Suboccipital midline transveimian 5
Suboccipital midline transfissural 5
Suboccipital retrosigmoid 15
Presigmoid trasntentorial 2
Pontomesencephalic3 / Suboccipital retrosigmoid 2
Lateral suprecerebellar subtentorial 1
Mesencephalic 6 / Midline suprecerebellar subtentorial 3
Lateral suprecerebellar subtentorial 2
Presigmoid transtetorial 1
Mesencephalotalamic 2 / Subtemporal 1
Transcallosal 1
Mathiesen et al.14, 2003 / 29 / Lateral basal ganglia / Transsylvian-transinsular / 4 / 2 pt / 2:29
Medial basal ganglia/thalamus / Interhemispheric
Mesencephalon / Occipital interhemispherical
Suboccipital vermis-splitting
Ant. Pontine/mesencephalon / Transpetrosal
Transcondylar fossa
Post. Pons/Peduncular cerebellar / IV Ventricle
Medulla oblongata / Transchondylar fossa
Midline
Gracile-cuneatus fascicle
Smith et al.24,
2003 / 8 / Pontomesencephalic 8 / Far posterior subtemporal 8 / 1pt / 1:8
Wang et al.28,
2003 / 137 (4 pt with 2 lesions) / Tectum of midbrain / Suboccipital transtentorial / 5 / 38 pt / 38:141
Lateral midbrain / Subtemporal occipital
Anterior midbrain / Trans-sylvian
Ventrolateral pons / Posterior fossa lateral
Dorsal pons / Posterior fossa midline
Medulla
Bruneau et al.3, 2005 / 22 / Mesencephalon 3 / Occipital transtentorial 2 / 3 / 3 pt / 3:22
FOZ + transylvian 1
Pontomesencephalon 5 / Suboccipitale meidna infratentoral supracerebellar 2
Subtemporal 2
Transylvian 1
Anterolateral pons 3 / Subtemporal 1
Retrosigmoid 2
IV ventricle floor 8 / Transcerenello-medullary fissure 8
Pontpmedullary junction 1 / Retrosigmoid 1
Medulla oblongata 1 / Retrosgimod 1
Median suboccipital 1
Li H et al.13, 2009 / 37 / Midbrain tectum 7 / Suboccipital transtentorial 7 / 2 pt / 2:37
Anterolateral surface of pons 3 / Subtemporal occipital 3
Lateral surface of pons 8 / Suboccipital retrosigmoid 8
Posterior pons 13 / Suboccipital transcerebello-medullary (IV ventr) 17
Medulla oblongata 4
Lat/anterolat. Medulla oblongata 2 / Lateral suboccipitale trasncondylar 2
Hauck et al.12, 2009 / 44 / Midbrain 11 / Pterional 6 / 1 / 5 pt / 5:44
Subtemporal 2
Suboccipital 3
Pons 25 / Pterional 1
Suboccipital 24
Medulla oblongata 8 / Suboccipital 8
Abla et al.1, 2010 / 300 / Medullary 33
Pontomedullary 43
Pontine 134 Pontomesencephalic 34
Mesencephalic 56 / Suboccipital 85
Retrosigmoid
Lateral Supracerebellar infratentorial
61
Far lateral 37
Orbitozygomatic 22
Retrolabyrinithine
Ant. Subtemporal 6
Other 15
Francois et al.7, 2010 / 9 / Higher pons 3 / Lateral subtemporal transtentorial 3 / 1 temp.hematoma / 1:3
Lower pons 6 / Extradural anterior petrosal 6 / 2 / 1 hemiplegia, + deafness / 1:6
Ohue et al.15, 2010 / 36 / Thalamomesencephalon 2 / Occipital transtentorial 2 / 3 / 3 pt / 3:36
Mesencephalon 3 / Occipital transtentorial 2
Infrantentorial supracerebellar 1
Mesencephalopons 3 / Occipital transtentorial 1
Midline suboccipital 1
Suboccipital retrosigmoid 1
Pons 22 / Midline suboccipital 12
Suboccipital retrosigmoid 7
Combined petrosal 2
Middle fossa 1
Pontomedulla 4 / Midline suboccipital 2
Suboccipital retrosigmoid 2
Meduula oblongata 2 / Midline suboccipital 1
Estreme lateral infrajugular transcondylar 1
Sandalcioglu et al.23, 2010 / 12 / Pons 5 Pontomesencephalic 2
Mesencephalon 2
Medulla oblongata 2
Crus cerebri 1 / Retromastoidal 4 / 1 pt
Subcerebellar 3
Supracerebellar 2
Presigmoid transtentorial 2
Fronto-orbito-zygomatic 1
Ramina et al.18, 2011 / 43 / Retrosigmoid 15 / 1
Infratentorial supracerebellar 8
Dorsal pons / Suboccipital telovelar 10
Ventral midbrain / Fronto-temporal transylvian 6
Suboccipital trasntentorial 2
Ventral medulla / Far lateral 2
Steno et al. 25, 2011 / 9 / Pons-mesencephalon / Subtemporal transtentorial 9 / 2 / 1 pt, 2 deaths / 1:9