Geol100, Harbor Section, Review Session, 2012p. 1

  • Minerals
  • Modes of Formation – cooling, precipitation, metamorphosis
  • Function of availability, ionic size, and charge
  • Kinds of Minerals – Oxide Groups, Sed/Ig/Meta Environment
  • Bowen’s reaction series & silica tetrahedra polymerization
  • Physical properties & Chemical properties
  • “naturally occurring, inorganic, crystalline substance with a defined chem composition that is solid at normal surface temperatures”
  • Rocks
  • Igneous – Classification on Texture and Chemistry (UM – mafic –intermed. – felsic)
  • volcanic textures (pyroclastic, obsidian, porphyry)
  • magma production – heat, chemical change (subduction), pressure release
  • magmatic differentiation – partial melting, fractional crystal., stoping (contamination)
  • volcanic processes associated with plate tectonic boundaries (UM to felsic transition)
  • ophiolite sequences (ocean floors)
  • Igneous rock bodies (plutons, batholiths, dikes, veins
  • Sedimentary
  • Bio (coal, reef), Chem (evap, NaCl, CaCO3), Clastic (size & clast composition)
  • Sorting and size indicate Env of Deposition
  • Sedimentary structures; cross bedding , ripples, bioturbation, mudcracks
  • bedding changes = environment change
  • fossils as indicators of paleoenvironment (trace fossil types and invertebrates from poster in the back)
  • sedimentation, diagenesis, lithification, compaction
  • Metamorphic (>diagenesis, < partial melting)
  • type of metamorphism (regional, burial, contact, hydrothermal)
  • pressure and temperature regimes
  • grade of metamorphism, indicator minerals
  • foliation and rock cleavage (slatey cleavage)
  • effect of changing protolith (shale vs basalt vs carbonate vs sandstone)
  • Maps
  • latitude and longitude
  • UTM
  • bearing and distance
  • topographic contours (rules can’t cross, v in streams, steep = close)
  • watershed outlines
  • Geologic Time
  • learn the geological time scale (as printed on the self-instruction lab)
  • Eons, Eras, Period, Epochs
  • numerical ages (isotopes and half-lives, paleomagnetism) vs relative ages
  • cross cutting relations – faults, erosional contacts, intrusions, inclusions (xenoliths)
  • Unconformities, 3 kinds
  • Regressions and transgressions
  • Plate Tectonics
  • structure of the earth (chemical (crust, mantle, core) vs physical (lithosphere, asthenosphere)
  • Three types of margins, rift, transform, convergent (wedges) + passive
  • ? did we cover this? Driving Mechanisms (convection, slab pull, ridge push, slab rollback, gravity sliding)
  • Rift to Drift, Passive Margins, active margins (arcs vscont-cont collisions)
  • Sea floor spreading
  • isostacy
  • Wilson Cycles
  • Geologic Structures
  • Brittle vs Ductile behavior (function of material type, pressure, temperature and time)
  • Fractures, joints,
  • faults (dip-slip (normal, reverse or thrust) vs strike-slip, many oblique), hanging wall/footwall, detachments and ramps
  • Folds – anticlines, synclines, axial planes, fold plunge directions, symmetry, overturning, vergence
  • Appalachian folds from faults and fault bends
  • Geologic maps – Geologic Rule of V’s (direction of dip), stratigraphic columns, fault patterns, plunging folds, asymmetry folds, unconformities
  • Earthquakes
  • frequency and magnitude relation
  • release of elastic strain
  • location
  • types of earthquake waves
  • Physiographic Provinces and Topography
  • Coastal plain, Piedmont, Blue Ridge, Valley and Ridge, Appalachian Plateau
  • resistant rocks and linear ridges (short hills syncline, hogbacks, north mountain monocline, brushy mtn anticline, Anthony knobs syncline)
  • Mass Wasting
  • debris flows and block/rock slides (or the types we saw/talked about)
  • enhanced by weathering, freeze/thaw, earthquakes, large rainfalls (buoyancy)
  • angle of repose, function of size of material
  • Rivers
  • runoff (floods, effect of urbanization/development/agriculture)
  • energy loss is primary function, turbulence, pattern, bed shape
  • flow power (function of slope and water depth) – sediment loads (dissolved, suspended, bed), erosion by impact and scour
  • meandering (erosion outside of bend, floodplains, pools and riffles, abandoned meanders-oxbows) and braiding channel patterns
  • floodplains and alluvial fans
  • flood frequency and flood control
  • Groundwater and cave
  • water table
  • shape of cave depends on position relative to water table
  • springs
  • sinkholes/groundwater infiltration
  • Landscape evolution
  • erosion of anticlines and synclines
  • superimposed streams
  • Blue Ridge gap (did I ever answer that question? no)