RAJIV GANDHI UNIVERSITY OF HEALTH SCIENCES, KARNATAKA, BANGALORE
ANNEXURE II
PROFORMA FOR REGISTRATION OF SUBJECTS FOR DISSERTATION
1. / NAME OF THE CANDIDATE AND ADDRESS / Mr. BHIMAPPA KONIKLES Institute of Nursing Sciences,
Belgaum – 590010, Karnataka.
2. / NAME OF THE INSTITUTE / KLES Institute of Nursing Sciences,
Belgaum – 590010, Karnataka
3. / COURSE OF STUDY AND SUBJECT / M.Sc. Nursing 1st Year
Community Health Nursing
4. / DATE OF ADMISSION TO COURSE / June 2008
5. / TITLE OF THE TOPIC / “ASSESS THE KNOWLEDGE OF TRAFFIC POLICEMEN ON PREVENTION OF HEALTH HAZARDS OF VEHICULAR POLLUTION, WITH VIEW TO DEVELOP INFORMATION GUIDE SHEET”
6. / BRIEF RESUME OF THE INTENDED WORK:
6.1 Need for the Study
The immediate environment of man comprises of air on which depends all forms of life. The human body is cooled by the air contact, special senses of hearing and smell work through air transmitted stimuli, human being need a continuous supply of air to exist. The sources of air and noise pollution in urban areas are mainly automobiles.1 In India production of vehicles increase from 210000 p.a. in 1970s to over 1050000 p.a. in 1980s. This sudden increase in the number of vehicles has caused tremendous damage to the environment and has increased the intensity of air and noise pollution.
Air is mechanical mixture of gases. The normal composition of external air by volume approximately nitrogen 78.1%, oxygen 20.93%, carbon dioxide 0.03% and other gases occur in traces. 2
Air pollution is an inescapable consequences of the man and his activities. The term ‘air pollution’ signifies the presence in the ambient atmosphere of substances (e.g. gases, mixture of gases ad particulate matter, generated by the activities of man in concentrations the air pollution consists of 3 components Suspended particulate matter, Oxide of nitrogen, Sulphur-di-oxide,
Main Source of air pollution is due to automobile in urban areas, they emit hydrocarbons, carbon, monoxide, nitrogen oxides and particulate matter, which have deleterious effects on human health. 3
The effects of air pollution on urban residents are mainly respiratory system due to inhaling of suspended particulate matter, oxide of nitrogen, sulphur-di-oxide emitted by automobiles. The health effects of air pollution are acute bronchitis, chronic bronchitis, bronchial asthma, emphysema and respiratory allergies, cough, respiratory tract irritation, lung cancer, etc. 4
The incidence of respiratory diseases in the metropolitan cities is 12 times national average and 30% of their populations suffers from respiratory disease due to vehicular pollution. 4
About 1.36 billion urban residents worldwide are exposed to air pollution level above recommended limits. The air pollution interfere with human health, safety or comfort, air pollution is one of the present day health problem throughout the world. 3
In same way noise is unwanted sound, potential hazard to health. The 20th century has been described as the century of noise, and it is important “stress factor” in environment of man. The urban noise pollution is due to vehicular traffic and effects are mainly loss of hearing stress, increased BP, loss of sleep, distraction, tinnitus, aggression, poor working performance, tiredness etc. in general 1% of the population suffers from noise induced pollution. 1
Constant exposure to loud noise can cause temporary or permanent hearing loss depending upon volume, duration and repetition of exposure.
If bus horn honks it create 92-94 db, If 2 wheeler horn honks it creates 81-85 db, If 4 wheeler horn honks it creates 83-88 db, The noises below 75 db is harmless. 5
Exposure to noise pollution exceeding 75 db for more than 8 hours daily over a long period of time can cause loss of hearing due to destruction to inner ear and also sensitive nerve fibres. The hazards increases with the intensity of the noise and period of exposure. 6
The urban air pollution noise pollution is mainly by automobiles, which are “necessary evil”, while they made living easy and convenient, they also made the complicated and vulnerable to toxic emissions, noise pollution and increased risk of accidents. Urban people specially inner city residents, shop keepers, traffic policemen, bus and rickshaw drivers are most affected amongst worst sufferers are the traffic police men by air and noise pollution who are particularly to fumes of automobiles. 4
Studies in Jaipur, indicate that there is high rate of occurance of respiratory, digestive, ocular and skin, hearing, problems amongst the traffic policemen due to air and noise pollution. 4
Singh (1984) noted, workers exposed to high noise level have higher incidence of auditory, circulatory, hypertension, peptic ulcer and neurosensory and motor impairment 7
A survey conducted by central pollution control board at Delhi – 2003, regarding effects and control of noise pollution, survey indicated that noise pollution can results in improper communication, sleeplessness, reduced efficiency and psychosomatic effects. 8
A pilot study conducted by Institute of speech and hearing in Bangalore, results of the study revealed that the quarter of police force of the Southern part of Bangalore are suffering from hearing disabilities due to increase in noise pollution. 9
A study conducted on air and noise pollution in Bangalore city by Traffic Engineer Safety Trainer (TEST), reports says that traffic police are the worst sufferers due to continuous exposure to vehicular pollution. 9
Hence investigator during his clinical experience notified that the number of traffic policemen attending O.P.Services complaining with auditory and respiratory problems. So the investigator felt the need of awareness to prevent air and noise pollution hazards among traffic policemen.
6.2 Review of Literature
A study conducted in Jalgoan city of Maharastra on exposure to vehicular pollution and respiratory impairment of traffic policemen. The results of the study revealed that the parameters of respiratory system are (1) Peak Expiratory Flow Rate (PEFR) (2) Forced Expiratory Volume (3) Forced Vital Capacity are significantly affected due to exposure to vehicular pollution. 10
A sample survey conducted on effect of noise pollution on traffic policemen of Hyderabad city, carried out by Society of Aid and Hearing Impaired (SAHI), the findings of the study indicate that 76% of 45 cops screened, had noise induced auditory effects and among these had completed 5 years in traffic wing had hearing loss n various degrees. 11
A questionnaire based study conducted among 86 traffic policemen for an awareness workshop for prevention of noise pollution, the study revealed that traffic policemen do not use any personal protective equipment (PPE) and have varying degree of hearing loss due to longer period exposure to noise pollution and further it was recommended that periodic workshop conducted to motivate subjects for the correct and regular use of personal protective equipments. 12
A study conducted in Varanasi city about traffic noise pollution on exposed people, showed that 85% of people were disturbed by traffic noise, 90% of people are reported that noise is main cause of headache, high BP, dizziness and fatigue and interfering the daily activities. 13
A pilot study conducted by Bangalore’s Institute of Speech and hearing in Bangalore, the findings of the study showed that the quarter of police force of the Southern part of Bangalore are suffering from hearing disabilities due to increase in noise pollution. 9
A survey conducted by Central Pollution Control Board, at Delhi regarding effects and control of noise pollution among 150 residents, revealed that noise pollution results in improper communication, sleeplessness, reduced efficiency and psychosomatic effects. 8
A study conducted by Traffic Engineer Safety Trainer (TEST) in Bangalore, which concluded that traffic policemen are the worst suffers among adults due to continuous exposure to vehicular pollution. 9
Another study conducted in Jalgoan city on traffic policemen about noise exposure and hearing loss, showed that 84% of them reported hearing loss and some of them difficulty in hearing by one or both ears. 14
A study conducted in Bangkok among traffic policemen regarding air pollution and Chronic Respiratory Symptoms, The Results showed that Increased prevalence of respiratory symptoms among traffic policemen associated with urban traffic air pollution. 15
6.3 Statement of the problem
A study to assess the knowledge of traffic policemen on prevention of health hazards of vehicular pollution in Belgaum city with view to develop information guide sheet
6.4 Objectives of the study
1. To assess the knowledge on health hazards of Air and Noise Pollution among traffic policemen
2. To assess the knowledge on prevention of health hazards of Air and Noise pollution among traffic policemen
3. To find out association between knowledge on prevention of Air and Noise pollution scores with sociodemographic variable
4. To prepare information guide sheet
6.5 Operational definitions
1. Traffic policemen : Refers to a members of police force working in Traffic department, Jurisdiction of North and South Police Stations of Belgaum city.
2. Pollution : Destroy the purity of environment
3. Vehicular pollution : Refers to pollution caused by vehicles, it includes
a. Air Pollution : Refers to pollution of air by gases, mixture of gases and particulate matter emitted by vehicles.
b. Noise pollution : Refers Unwanted sound which is more than 75 db of noise level
4. Health hazards : Refers to ill effect of air and noise pollution on health of the human being
5. Prevention : It Refers The Activities / measures adopted by traffic policemen to control possibilities of getting the disease.
6.6 Assumptions
- Subjects are having some knowledge about health hazards of vehicular pollution
- Information guide sheet will help to increase awareness of traffic policemen regarding health hazards of vehicular pollution, further it will motivate them to use appropriate protective measures to prevent health hazards
6.7 Delimitations
The study is delimited to traffic policemen working in Belgaum city.
6.8 Projected outcomes
1. The present study will throw the light on the knowledge of traffic policemen regarding prevention of health hazards of vehicular pollution and will help to prepare appropriate guidesheet.
7.0 / Materials and Method
7.1. Source of data
Primary source : Traffic policemen working in Belgaum city.
Research approach : Descriptive
Research Design : Descriptive survey design
Research setting : The study will be conducted in all (2) traffic police station of Belgaum city
Population : Traffic policemen working in Belgaum city.
Sample size : 125
Inclusion criteria : Traffic policemen who
1. Can read and write in Kannada & English, and are willing to participate in the study.
Exclusion criteria : Traffic policemen who are
1. On leave at the time of data collection for one or other reason
7.2 Method of collection of data
Sampling technique : Purposive technique
Instrument : Structured questionnaire
Section I : Sociodemographic variables like age, gender, education, years of experience, life style etc.
Section II : Knowledge items on prevention of hazards of vehicular pollution
Planning of data collection
I : Obtain permission from respective authority
II : Investigator introduces and obtain written consent from subjects
III : Selection of subjects in Belgaum city through purposive sampling
IV : Administer structured questionnaire
7.3 Does the study require any investigations or interventions to be conducted on patients or other humans or animals? If so, please describe briefly.
-No-
7.4. Will permission obtained from your institution
-Yes -
7.5 Has ethical clearance been obtained from your institution in case of 7.3
-Yes-
8 / LIST OF REFERENCES
1. Park K. Park’s textbook of preventive and social medicine. 17th ed. Jabalpur: Banarsidas Bhanot; 2002 : 591-93.
2. Basvantappa BT. Community Health Nursing, 1st ed, JP Brothers, 1999 : 185-190
3. Breath of fresh air for traffic cops ---expressindia.com www.expressindia.com / latest-news
4. Rajiv, Sinha K. Automobile pollution in India and its human impact www.springerlink.com/content/u6764261646386/
5. Rithesh. Mission ‘peace’ – Reducing noise pollution by autos and honking www.bangalore.praja.in / invents/mission – reducing – noise-pollution-autos-honking
6. Xianghu. Han. A review of traffic-related air pollution exposure assessment studies in developing world www.scincedirect.com/ science?-06=articleURLand udi=b6v7x-4gjvb72-1
7. Meghanian Dutta. Not now, dear ! Its the traffic. The times of India Hyderabad. 21.11.2005 www.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/ article/show/1302141.cms
8. Malcom A Moore. Traffic air pollution – is it safe to be a traffic policemen or professional driver ? . www.apjcp.org/2005/108/vol 6 ; 2005.
9. Habib Beary. World : South Asia Traffic noise sending police deaf. 23.09.1999. www.BBC.org.uk.
10. Sopan TI, Bhushan GP. Exposure to vehicular pollution and respiratory impairment of traffic policemen in Jalgaon city. www.jnoish.go.jp/en/indu_help/pdf/43-4-6.pdf
11. Dennis Marcus Mathew. Traffic policemen personal bear the brunt of noise pollution. The Hindu June 19, 2006. www.hindu.com/2006/06/19/stories / 2006061919880400.htm
12. Tripathi SR, Tiwari RR. Self reported hearing quality of traffic policemen : A questionnaire based study. Indian journal of environment med. 206 ; 10(2) : 82-84.
13. Chattopadhyay Bhaskar. Exposure to vehicular pollution and assessment of respiratory function in urban residents. www.ingentaconnect.com/content/klu/408/2007/00000185/0000005/00009015 ? Crawlel = true.
14. Ingale ST, Pachpande BG, Wagh ND, Attarde SB. Noise exposure and hearing loss among the traffic policemen working at busy streets of Jalgaon urban centre. IJOEM 2004 ; www.jniosh.go.iplen/indu-he/pdf46-3-7.pdf
15. Kenj Tamura, W. Jinsart Air pollution and chronic respiratory systems www.rcap.org/pub/soc/Bangkok-air.pdf.
16. Subroto Nandi and Sarang VD. Occupational noise induced hearing loss in India. www.ijoem.com/article/asp/issm=0019-5278;2008 ; 12(2) : 53-56.
17. M. V. Chandrashekar. Cops don’t just catch wrong doers. The Hindu www.hinduonnet.com/the hindu/rup/2003/06/05/stories /2003060500/40200.htm.
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9. / SIGNATURE OF CANDIDATE10. / REMARK OF THE GUIDE / The study is feasible and of genuine interest of the student
11. / NAME AND DESIGNATION
11.1 GUIDE / Prof. David A. Kola M.Sc(N)
HOD, Community Health Nursing Department,
KLES’ Institute of Nursing Sciences,
Nehru Nagar, Belgaum
11.2 SIGNATURE
11.3 CO-GUIDE / Mrs. Sangeeta Moreshwar M. Sc. (N)
Lecturer,
Community Health Nursing Department,
KLES’ Institute of Nursing Sciences,
Nehru Nagar, Belgaum
11.4 SIGNATURE
11.5 HEAD OF THE DEPT. / Prof. David A. Kola M.Sc(N)
HOD, Community Health Nursing Department,
KLES’ Institute of Nursing Sciences,
Nehru Nagar, Belgaum
11.6 SIGNATURE
12. / 12.1 REMARKS OF THE CHAIRMAN AND PRINCIPAL / This topic was discussed with the members of the research committee and finalised, he is permitted to conduct the study.
12.2 SIGNATURE
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