Course Coordinator: SKELETAL SYSTEM Martini, 1St Ed

Bio103 Lecture Outline10/05

Course Coordinator: SKELETAL SYSTEM Martini, 1st ed.

L. Falkow [Chapters 6-8]

Introduction

A. Components

-

-

-

B. Functions

1. Support

2. Storage

3. Blood cell production

4. Protection

5. Leverage

Classification

A. Bone Shapes

1. Long:

2. Short:

3. Flat:

4. Irregular:

5. Sesamoid:

6. Sutural (Wormian):

B. Anatomy of Long Bone

1. Bone (osseous) tissue

a. compact

b. spongy

2. Diaphysis

3. Epiphysis

4. Metaphysis

5. Marrow (medullary) cavity

6. Articular cartilage

1

7. Bone marrow

a.

b.

8. Epiphyseal plate

9. Nutrient foramen

Bone Histology

A. Bone matrix

1. Inorganic (2/3)

2. Organic (1/3)

B. Bone cells

1. Osteoprogenitor

2. Osteoblasts

3. Osteocytes

4. Osteoclasts

C. Compact Bone

Osteon (Haversian system)

- central canal

- perforating canal

- lamellae

- lacunae

- canaliculi

Function:

1

D. Spongy Bone

- trabeculae:

Function:

E. Periosteum and Endosteum

Periosteum -

2 layers:

- outer fibrous

- inner cellular

Endosteum -

Ossification Processes

A. Bone growth & development

Begins at 6 weeks -----> adulthood

"skeleton" of embryo

cartilage templatefibrous CT

BONE

B. Intramembranous Ossification

1. Ossification center

mesenchyme cells cluster together

2. Spicules form

3. Trabeculae form

4. Spongy bone reorganizes

C. Endochondral Ossification

1. Cartilage model

2. Blood vessels grow into perichondrium

Collar formation -

3. Dev. of primary center of ossification

4. Remodeling

5. Secondary centers of ossification

6. Epiphysis filled with spongy bone

Cartilage remains at articular ends and metaphysis.

D. Appositional Growth:

Dynamic Nature of Bone

A. Remodeling

spongy bone ---->

long bone:

bone turnover:

B. Exercise Effects on Bone

C. Hormones & Nutritional Effects on Bone

1. Calcitriol -

2. Vitamin C

3. GH (Growth hormone) – pituitary gland

Thyroxine – thyroid gland

4. Sex hormones (estrogens and androgens)

5. Calcitonin – thyroid gland

Parathyroid hormone – parathyroid gland

D. Skeleton as Calcium Reserve

1. Hormones & Calcium balance

Calcium =

Regulation of Calcium ions

PTH

calcitonin

PTH:

1)

2)

3)

===>

Calcitonin

1)

2)

===>

Normal blood Ca++ levels:

Hypoparathyroidism:

- causes low blood Ca++

-

Hyperparathyroidism:

- causes high blood Ca++

-

Paget's disease (osteitis deformans)

-

-

===> irregular thickening and softening of bone

E. Fracture Repair

Fracture hematoma

Callus formation (internal, external)

Remodeling

F. Effects of Aging on Bone

Osteopenia

Osteoporosis

Cartilage

A. Structure

- chondroitin sulfates

- chondrocytes

- avascular

- perichondrium

a) outer

b) inner

B. Growth of Cartilage

1. Interstitial

2. Appositional

C. Types

1. Hyaline

2. Elastic

3. Fibrocartilage

Organization of the Skeleton

A. Divisions

1. Axial:

2. Appendicular:

B. Number of Bones

206 named bones

Axial: 80

Appendicular: 126

Survey of landmarks:

C. Skull

8 Cranial bones

14 facial bones

Ossicles

Hyoid

D. Vertebral column (26)

cervical

thoracic

lumbar

sacrum

coccyx

E. Spinal Curvatures

1. Normal

4 curvatures: cervical

thoracic

lumbar

sacral

fetus:

baby: lifts head, stands & walks:

2. Abnormal:

kyphosis:

lordosis:

scoliosis:

3. Vertebrae

- body

- lamina

-spinous process

- transverse process

- articular process

- pedicle

- vertebral foramen

- intervertebral foramen

Cervical region:

atlas =

axis =

Thoracic region:

Lumbar region:

Sacrum:

Coccyx

4. Herniated ("slipped") disc:

annulus fibrosus

nucleus pulposus

-

-

Compression of intervertebral discs:

taller in AM than PM

taller at 25 than 75 years

Spina bifida:

lamina do not fuse

F. Thoracic Cage

= thoracic vertebrae, ribs, and sternum

1. Ribs

a. pairs 1-7

b. pairs 8-12

c. pairs 11-12

2. Sternum

manubrium

jugular notch

body

xiphoid process

G. Pectoral Girdle

= clavicles and scapulae

H. Upper Limbs

1. Humerus

head

anatomical neck

surgical neck

2. Ulna (medial)

3. Radius (lateral)

radial tuberosity

Colles' fracture

4. Carpals

scaphoid

lunate

pisiform

5. Hand

metacarpals

phalanges

- proximal, middle, distal

I. Pelvic Girdle

= 2 fused coxae

PELVIS

FemaleMale

Pelvic Inlet

Pubic angle

Wing of Ilium

J. Lower Limbs

1. Femur

2. Tibia

3. Fibula

4. Ankle and Foot

Tarsals

Metatarsal

Phalanges

Articulations

A. Classification by Movement

1. Syntharthrosis

- no movement

Ex. Sutures (fibrous connection)

Epiphyseal plate (cartilaginous)

2. Amphiarthrosis

- little movement

Ex.distal tibia/fibula(fibrous-ligamentous)

pubic symphysis (fibrocartilage)

betw. bodies of vertebrae (fibrocartilage)

3. Diarthrosis

- free movement

- synovial joints

a. ball & socket (hip, shoulder)

b. hinge ( elbow, knee, ankle, interphalange)

c. ellipsoidal or condyloid ( wrist bones)

d. pivot (atlas/axis, radius/ulna)

e. saddle ( carpometacarpal)

f. gliding (carpals, tarsals, articular facets of vert., ends of clavicle)

4. Types of Movement

adduction

abduction

flexion

extension

plantar flexion

dorsiflexion

supination

pronation

rotation

(left and right)

(medial and lateral)

B. Classification by Structure

1. Fibrous

2. Cartilaginous

3. Synovial

Disease States

A. Arthritis

Rheumatoid arthritis

Osteoarthritis

Gouty arthritis

B. Endocrine/Ageing

Osteoporosis

Osteopenia

C. Nutritional

Rickets

Osteomalacia

D. Infectious

Osteomyelitis

Paget’s disease

E. Trauma

Fractures

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