Class Starter
Each time a cell reproduces, it divides into two new cells. When each of the new cells divide, the result is four new cells. If this continues, how many cells will be present after the cells reproduce 6 times?
Objectives
• Why do cells divide?
• How is DNA packaged into the nucleus?
• How do cells prepare for division?
10.1: Cell Reproduction
Why Cells Reproduce
• the body of a multicellular organism grows larger by ______.
• New cells are needed to
– help
– Replace
– Replace
Cell Size
• A cell’s ability to exchange substances is limited by its ______
• As a cell gets larger, substances must travel ______ to reach where they are needed.
Cell Maintenance
• The work of cells is done by ______. As a cell gets larger, more proteins are required to ______.
• Cell size is also limited by the cell’s ______.
– If the cell gets too large, DNA instructions cannot be copied quickly enough to make the ______ that the cell needs to support itself.
Making New Cells
• Each “daughter” cell has a ______ surface area–to-volume ratio than its parent does.
• Each new cell also gets an ______ of the cell’s DNA.
• Because ______cells are more difficult to maintain, cells ______ when they grow to a certain size.
Checkpoint
• How does the body grow bigger?
• Give 2 reasons why new cells are needed.
• What are 2 factors that effect cell size?
• What effect does DNA have on cell size?
• What does each new daughter cell require?
Chromosomes
• The large molecule of DNA is organized into hereditary units called ______.
• A gene is a segment of ______that codes for ______and ______.
• Each cell has a large amount of DNA that must be condensed into a very small volume.
• DNA is organized and packaged into structures called ______.
Prokaryotic Chromosomes
• A prokaryotic cell has a ______ circular molecule of DNA.
• This loop of DNA contains ______ of genes.
• A prokaryotic chromosome is condensed through repeated ______or ______, like a rubber band twisted upon itself many times.
Eukaryotic Chromosomes
• Eukaryotic cells contain ______arranged on several ______ molecules.
• Eukaryotic DNA into highly condensed ______ structures with the help of many ______.
• The DNA and proteins make up a substance called ______.
Checkpoint
• What is another name for hereditary units?
– What is it composed of?
• DNA is organized and packaged into _____.
• What is the difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic chromosomes?
Eukaryotic Chromosomes (cont.)
• The first level of packaging is done by a class of proteins called ______.
• The long DNA molecule is wound around a series of histone cores in a regular manner and is called a ______.
• Nucleosomes coil to form ______
• Chromatin loops and coils to form a ______
• As the cell prepares to divide, the chromosomes ______ even further ensuring that the extremely long DNA molecules ______ during cell division.
• Each of the two thick strands of a fully condensed, duplicated chromosome are called a ______.
• Each chromatid is made of a ______.
• Identical pairs, called ______, are held together at a region called the ______.
• During cell division, the sister chromatids are separated at the ______, and one ends up in each ______.
• Each new cell has the same ______ as the parent cell.
Checkpoint
• Organize the following in the order of organization: chromosome, nucleosome, and chromatin.
• Why does DNA condense when it is about to divide?
– What is it called?
– What holds it together?
• Each sister chromatid ends up in a ______producing 2 ______cells.
Preparing for Cell Division
• All new cells are produced by the ______.
• All newly-formed cells require ______, so before a cell divides, a copy of ______ is made for each daughter cell.
• Each new cells will function in the ______ as the cells that they replace.
Prokaryotes
• In prokaryotic cells, the ______ molecule is attached to the inner ______.
• The cytoplasm is divided when a new cell membrane forms ______. Meanwhile the cell continues to grow until it nearly ______.
• Eventually the dividing prokaryote is pinched into two independent ______, each of which has its own circular
DNA molecule.
Eukaryotes
• The reproduction eukaryotic cells is more ______ than that of prokaryotic cells.
• The DNA within the nucleus must also be ______, ______, and ______.
Checkpoint
• What must occur before the cell divides and why?
• Summarize the process in which a prokaryotes divide into 3 steps.
– What is this process called?
• How does prokaryotic division compare to eukaryotic division?
• What happens to DNA in eukaryotic division?
Summary
• Because larger cells are more difficult to maintain, cells divide when they grow to a certain size.
• Many proteins help package eukaryotic DNA into highly condensed chromosome structures.
• All newly-formed cells require DNA, so before a cell divides, a copy of its DNA is made for each daughter cell.