Theme 1: Development, Resources and Global Citizenship 5

Contents

Exam Questions Style 2

Content 3

Keywords 3

Theme 1: Development, Resources and Global Citizenship 5

The 5 Key Ideas of Theme 1 5

1.1 There are a few things that every human needs. These have an impact on how resources are used. 5

1.2 There are environmental limits to what resources are available. 8

Theories of resource consumption 8

Thomas Malthus: doom and gloom… 8

Esther Boserup: things are always greener on the other side... 8

1.3 Using resources for development responsibly involves Sustainable Development. 9

1.4 People have different views on how natural resources should be managed. 10

Case studies 10

1.5 Different locations and organisations require different approaches to Sustainable Development. 11

Theme 2: Poverty and Inequality 11

The 5 Key Ideas to Theme 2 11

2.1 Poverty can be defined and measured in different ways 11

2.2 Poverty and inequality are created and addressed in many different ways 12

2.3 International debt has hindered some countries’ ability to address poverty and inequality 14

2.4 Particular social groups experience inequality 14

2.5 International initiatives may raise awareness of poverty and create a demand to reduce these inequalities. 14

Causes of Poverty - Case Study 15

Example of PRSP 15

Exam Questions Style

The WD1 exam will be for 2 hours and will have 4 questions.

The exam paper will have two sections: Section A and Section B.

Each section will have two questions. You must answer all the questions. There are no options.

In each question there will be 4 questions:

(a)  5 marks are allocated for this question. This will be a use figure question. For this question you must use the information you have been given and answer the question in your own words. If you just give basic points for these questions you will only get 1 mark per point, however if you explain your points you will get more.

Example of mark scheme:

As you can see, 5 marks will only be awarded if you explain two separate ideas in detail. The answers have to be clear and linked directly to the question. If you copy directly from the text, you will only get a maximum of 2 marks.

(b)  This question will have two parts to it. (i) has 4 marks allocated to it and (ii) has 6 marks. These questions will use one of the following words:

Define / Give a clear definition of the word or term asked for
Suggest / Explain briefly two or three separate points
Describe / Clearly explain one point in detail
Outline / Briefly explain the model/feature giving 2 or 3 separate points
Explain / Give reasons why

(c)  This question will have 10 marks allocated to it. This question will use one of the following words:

Evaluate / In all these questions you must explain more than one view, explaining the arguments for and against the different views, making a judgement about which one you think is the best view with clear reasons explaining why.
Examine
Compare
Assess
Discuss

Content

Keywords

MEDC/MDC / More Economically Developed Country/ More Developed Country
LEDC/LDC / Less Economically Developed Country/ Less Developed Country
Sustainable Development / Development that meets the needs of the current population without jeopardising the future generation or the environment.
Global interdependence / The idea that different countries around the world all depend on each other.
Global Citizenship / The idea that people should all understand the issues affecting the whole world and help support campaigns to bring about equality.
NGO / Non-Governmental Organisation
Vulnerability / Being at risk
Entitlement / What people deserve/need
Endowment / What people are given
Income / What people earn
Material deprivation / Not being able to afford the basic things that people should have.
Status / A person’s position in society
GNP / measures the total economic output of a country, including earnings from foreign investments.
GDP / is the total value of goods and services produced by a country in a year.
HDI / is a weighted mix of indices that show life expectancy, knowledge (adult literacy and education) and standard of living (GDP per capita).
HPI (Human Poverty Index) / A group's 'health poverty' is a combination of both its present state of health and its future health potential or lack of it.
GRPI / Gender Related Poverty Index
Life expectancy / the average age to which a person lives, eg this is 79 in the UK and 48 in Kenya.
Infant Mortality Rates / counts the number of babies, per 1000 live births, who die under the age of one. This is 5 in the UK and 61 in Kenya.
Literacy rates / is the percentage of adults who can read and write. This is 99 per cent in the UK, 85 per cent in Kenya and 60 per cent in India.
PRSPs / Poverty Reduction Strategy Programmes
Multi-Lateral Aid / Multilateral means "many sides". Here organisations that involve many countries, give help. This aid is run by groups such as the World Health Organisation (WHO) and United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO) - both of which are part of the United Nations (UN).
Bilateral Aid / Bilateral means "two sides". This type of aid is from one country to another. An example would be Britain giving money and sending experts to help build a dam in Turkey. Quite often bilateral aid is also tied Aid.
This is the most common type of aid.
Emergency Aid / Most aid is long term developmental aid. However after a natural disaster such as an earthquake or flood, help is needed straight away. This help includes food, clean water, shelter, medicines and the staff to organise these materials. Such items are not useful for long term aid as local farmers and business people would not be able to compete with the free hand outs and so the local economy would be damaged.
HIPC / Heavily Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC) is a group of 39 developing countries with high levels of poverty and debt overhang which are eligible for special assistance from the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank.
Social Groups / Social groupingsare the groups to which you are 'attached' because of your circumstances. Eg. Gender, age, sexuality etc
Brownfield / Old industrial or housing area that has become derelict
Fair trade / A type of trade that guarantees reasonable wages and long term stability.

As mentioned in the previous section, there are two themes:

1.  Theme 1: Development, Resources and Global Citizenship

2.  Theme 2: Poverty and Inequality

In each theme there 5 key ideas and for each idea you will have to know about at least 2 case studies.

Theme 1: Development, Resources and Global Citizenship

The 5 Key Ideas of Theme 1

1.  There are a few things that every human needs. These have an impact on how resources are used.

2.  There are environmental limits to what resources are available.

3.  Using resources for development responsibly involves Sustainable Development.

4.  People have different views on how natural resources should be managed.

5.  Different locations and organisations require different approaches to Sustainable Development.

1.1 There are a few things that every human needs. These have an impact on how resources are used.

What do you need to know?

People have basic human needs, material and social.

The UN basic human needs are;

• Food, shelter, clothing and fuel.

• Clean water, sanitation, transport, healthcare and employment.

• A healthy and safe environment.

• An ability to take part in decision making.

The impacts of using resources may vary based on different environments. For example the water shortages in the UK and water shortages in Kenya have very different impacts.

Case Study

Briny future for vulnerable Malta

By Matt McGrath

Environment reporter, BBC World Service

Later this week, scientists on the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change will report on how global warming will impact the world now and in the future.

About 400,000 people live on the tiny island of Malta. It is one of the most crowded spaces in the world. It is also highly vulnerable to climate change. Rising sea levels in the Mediterranean over the next century caused by global warming threaten to submerge parts of the island. But there is another aspect to sea level rise that is already having a significant effect on Malta. It is the impact on the supply of drinking water.

In the tourist season Malta's population trebles. All these extra people put great pressure on the island's water supply, which depends on a vast reservoir that lies under the island. Because the fresh water is less dense than salt water, this reserve effectively floats on the sea.

Down the centuries, the Maltese have developed a clever system of underground tunnels, called galleries, to extract the water for human consumption. About 97m (320ft) beneath the surface of the island lie the Ta' Kandja galleries. Reached by a lift, the tunnels stretch out for several kilometres like the spokes of a wheel, all half-filled with water that is pumped up to the surface and then to homes and farms around the island.

The water in the tunnels is fresh. But just 10m below, it is salty. And thanks to climate change the brackish water is rising. The Ta' Kandja galleries supply fresh water to the inhabitants. And the Malta water services engineer Paul Micallef says the rising sea will make the galleries very difficult to operate in the future.

"According to recent studies, the water will rise about 96cm by the year 2100," he told the BBC.

"This will affect the availability of groundwater as the interface between sea water and fresh water will actually rise by about 1m and the high salinity levels will be close to our extraction sources."

The effects of the increasing salinity are already being felt in some parts of the island. In the beautiful Im'selliet valley, David and Mary Mallia run an organic farm that produces grapes, citrus fruits and vegetables. Like many people on Malta, the Mallias use a bore hole to extract water for their crops. David says that he has noticed changes in the water in recent months.

"Since the rainfall has become less, the salinity is becoming higher and higher. Normally in winter, it would be about 2,000 microsiemens, which is a measure of salinity. "This year, with the lack of rain, it went up to 4,000. It's not good for irrigation. If you water your trees with this water, it will kill them."

Because the rising sea is poisoning their ground water with salt, the authorities in Malta are investing in desalination to make the sea water drinkable. More than half the potable water on the island is now produced in this way.

A bore hole is used to extract water for crops on the Mallias' farm. But desalination plants contribute significantly to global warming as they are powered by fossil fuels. As a member of the European Union, the Maltese are already facing sanctions for failing to co-operate on carbon cutbacks with Brussels.

Cutting their emissions will not be easy, according to Dr Christopher Chaintor who is responsible for environmental policy within the Maltese ministry of rural affairs and the environment. He says that the people of Malta will want to see climate change impacts first before they are willing to spend money changing their lifestyles.

New predictions for the Mediterranean area suggest that heat waves and droughts will become much more common - and the sea will continue to rise. To deal with these problems, the EU says that serious emission cuts must be made across Europe. These cutbacks could hamper Malta's tourist industry - and that is an option few local politicians would like to embrace.

Need for firewood and grazing are affecting Nepal's forests

There was a time when Nepal was an extensively forested country. Now, only 29% of forest-cover remains. The main reasons for deforestation have been land clearings, to gain new agricultural land, and the demand for timber and, especially, the demand for firewood. About 87% of domestic energy in Nepal is produced by firewood. Wood is used for cooking and, during winter, also for heating.
The need for firewood is not only a burden for nature, but also for women. In true Nepalese tradition, women are responsible for fetching firewood and carrying it home.
As the forests disappear, these women need to spend more and more time in finding enough wood, an activity that may take several hours each day.
Then there are cattle
Many rural Nepalese people depend on cattle for their livelihood but do not have sufficient land holdings for grazing. Thus, it is common place to see cows, water buffaloes and goats grazing in forests.
Forests could sustain small numbers of grazers, but today the grazing pressure in many areas is immense enough to destroy all new tree seedlings right at the beginning of their growth.
How to bring the forests back
One of the main objectives of TAL, is to ease the pressure on remaining forests - and to bring back forests to areas where they have disappeared. Biogas is introduced as an alternative fuel, and improved cooking stoves save firewood in households that cannot afford a biogas system.
Both alternatives have also tremendously eased the workload of women. To regenerate forests that already have disappeared, the project promotes planting trees that are grown in tree nurseries by local volunteers.

1.2 There are environmental limits to what resources are available.

What do you need to know?

Economic growth and population pressure have led to a depletion of the world’s natural resources. There continues to be a lot of debate whether the earth can cope with the growing population. There are two theories that describe resource consumption. You need to know both.

Theories of resource consumption

Thomas Malthus: doom and gloom…

In the 18th century Malthus wrote that the rate of population growth was faster than the rate that food supplies could grow. In time, there would not be enough resources for everyone. Some people would therefore starve and the population would reduce again. More people may be killed from wars over trying to get hold of resources - he called these a positive check.