Supporting Information for
Contrasting effects of phylogenetic relatedness on plant invader success in experimental grassland communities
Shao-peng Li,1, 2 Tao Guo,1 Marc W. Cadotte,2 Yong-jian Chen,1 Jia-liang Kuang,1 Zheng-shuang Hua,1 Yi Zeng,1 Ying Song,1 Zheng Liu3, Wen-sheng Shu1 and Jin-tian Li1, *
1State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resource, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, PR China
2Biological Sciences, University of Toronto-Scarborough & Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, Ontario, M1C 1A4, Canada
3Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
*Corresponding author:
Table S1. Summary of the gene sequences used to establish the phylogenetic trees of the 17 plant species in this study
Species* / rbcl / matK / ITS / CongenericResident species
Ageratum conyzoides / GQ436453 / HM989755 / FJ980330
Bidens pilosa / HM849815 / AY551477 / GU736433
Celosia argentea / AY270072 / GQ434274 / AY174418
Corchorus capsularis / NA / JQ693595 / FJ527599
Dactyloctenium aegyptium / EF125106 / JF729102 / GU359251
Dichondra micrantha / HM849950 / HM850895 / NA
Lespedeza cuneata / EU717275 / EU717416 / GU572175
Medicago sativa / HM850166 / AY386881 / AY256392
Mosla dianthera† / FJ513158 / HQ839706 / JF421518 / Mosla chinensis
Paspalum notatum / NA / HM850548 / GQ870170
Pennisetum alopecuroides / KC164330 / HQ599959 / FJ766172
Phyllanthus urinaria / AY765268 / AY936637 / AY936735
Senna occidentalis / JF975366 / GU942492 / HQ833044
Senna tora / JF975369 / GU942491 / FJ572046
Sida mysorensis† / HM850353 / HM850992 / GQ478108 / Sida rhombifolia
Urena lobata / GU135283 / EF207260 / JN407482
Invasive exotic species
Ambrosia artemisiifolia / DQ006055 / HQ593164 / DQ005969
Outgroup species
Amborella trichopoda / NC_005086 / NC_005086 / NA
Magnolia grandiflora / JN867587 / JN867587 / EU593550
*Species with available gene sequences are indicated by the Genbank accession numbers.
†For these species, the sequences from a congeneric relative (presented in final column) were used.
Table S2. Results of generalized linear models (GLM) fitting proportion of the invader that established, average individual size and biomass of the invader with a set of potential predictors including nearest phylogenetic distance (NPD), mean phylogenetic distance (MPD) and species richness (SR)
Dependent / Variable / Intercept / Slope / df / P value / AIC / AWProportion established / NPD* / -2.26 / -0.004 / 367 / 0.114 / 58.20 / 0.25
MPD / -1.80 / -0.004 / 367 / 0.292 / 59.17 / 0.15
SR / -2.84 / 0.009 / 367 / 0.823 / 59.14 / 0.16
Biomass of nearest relatives / -2.66 / -0.001 / 367 / 0.334 / 58.80 / 0.19
Biomass of all residents / -2.68 / -0.000 / 367 / 0.600 / 59.49 / 0.13
SR + NPD / - / - / 366 / - / 60.33 / 0.09
SR + NPD + MPD / - / - / 365 / - / 62.11 / 0.04
Log (invader size) / NPD / 0.57 / 0.002 / 367 / <0.001 / 507.22 / 0.51
MPD / 0.37 / 0.002 / 367 / <0.001 / 556.74 / 0.00
SR / 1.06 / -0.030 / 367 / <0.001 / 531.62 / 0.00
Proportion established / 0.92 / -0.740 / 367 / 0.019 / 565.09 / 0.00
Biomass of nearest relatives / 0.88 / 0.000 / 367 / 0.973 / 570.67 / 0.00
Biomass of all residents / 0.99 / -0.000 / 367 / <0.001 / 547.48 / 0.00
SR + NPD / - / - / 366 / - / 507.94 / 0.35
SR + NPD + MPD / - / - / 365 / - / 509.84 / 0.14
Log (invader biomass) / NPD / 1.36 / 0.001 / 367 / <0.001 / 826.33 / 0.00
MPD / 1.45 / 0.000 / 367 / 0.548 / 839.68 / 0.00
SR / 1.79 / -0.036 / 367 / <0.001 / 813.18 / 0.00
Biomass of nearest relatives / 1.60 / -0.000 / 367 / 0.102 / 837.36 / 0.00
Biomass of all residents / 1.75 / -0.000 / 367 / <0.001 / 809.20 / 0.00
SR + NPD / - / - / 366 / - / 815.15 / 0.00
SR + NPD + MPD / - / - / 365 / - / 816.61 / 0.00
SR + biomass of all residents / - / - / 366 / - / 792.20 / 1.00
*The best models are highlighted in bold.
Table S3. Results of one-way ANOVA of the 16 soil nutrients in the monocultures before sowing and tests for phylogenetic signals
Soil nutrient / One-way ANOVA / Phylogenetic signalF Value / P Value / K value / P value
pH / 0.61 / 0.875 / 0.43 / 0.901
TOC* / 0.64 / 0.851 / 0.77 / 0.140
ROC / 0.77 / 0.713 / 0.66 / 0.316
DOC / 1.24 / 0.248 / 0.63 / 0.440
MBC / 1.13 / 0.335 / 0.63 / 0.393
TN / 0.61 / 0.871 / 0.76 / 0.142
IN / 2.10 / 0.012† / 0.65 / 0.362
TP / 1.55 / 0.090 / 0.67 / 0.298
AP / 0.84 / 0.640 / 0.41 / 0.948
Ca / 0.88 / 0.589 / 0.53 / 0.681
Cu / 1.01 / 0.448 / 0.45 / 0.871
Fe / 0.81 / 0.671 / 0.70 / 0.255
K / 0.69 / 0.802 / 0.69 / 0.254
Mg / 0.60 / 0.884 / 0.67 / 0.272
Mn / 0.44 / 0.970 / 0.64 / 0.386
Zn / 0.57 / 0.899 / 0.59 / 0.475
*See the main text for more details on these abbreviations; †Significant values are highlighted in bold.
Table S4. Results of one-way ANOVA of the eight soil enzyme activities in the monocultures before sowing and tests for phylogenetic signals
Soil enzyme / One-way ANOVA / Phylogenetic signalF Value / P Value / K value / P value
Alkaline phosphatase / 0.91 / 0.562 / 0.80 / 0.146
Acid phosphatase / 0.78 / 0.699 / 0.51 / 0.727
Polyphenoloxidase / 0.52 / 0.916 / 0.79 / 0.110
Peroxidase / 1.15 / 0.357 / 1.05 / 0.027*
Protease / 0.69 / 0.788 / 0.53 / 0.677
Urease / 1.21 / 0.307 / 0.68 / 0.393
β-glucosidase / 1.26 / 0.275 / 0.47 / 0.816
Carboxymethyl-cellulase / 0.68 / 0.793 / 0.49 / 0.776
*Significant values are highlighted in bold.
Table S5. Phylogenetic signals of the 16 soil nutrients in the monocultures after the first growth season and the Spearman’s rank correlation coefficients for the differences between the monocultures of each resident species and the invader monocultures in the soil nutrients and proportion of the invader that established in the corresponding monocultures
Soil nutrient / Phylogenetic signal / Spearman’s rank correlation coefficientK value / P value / r / P value
pH / 0.79 / 0.104 / 0.37 / 0.152
TOC* / 0.78 / 0.119 / 0.13 / 0.640
ROC / 0.71 / 0.295 / -0.08 / 0.782
DOC / 0.69 / 0.288 / 0.01 / 0.967
MBC / 0.42 / 0.917 / -0.34 / 0.193
TN / 0.79 / 0.140 / 0.01 / 0.974
IN / 0.48 / 0.800 / -0.04 / 0.884
TP / 0.58 / 0.472 / -0.24 / 0.367
AP / 0.61 / 0.440 / -0.33 / 0.214
Ca / 0.45 / 0.875 / 0.08 / 0.782
Cu / 0.54 / 0.583 / -0.07 / 0.790
Fe / 0.65 / 0.309 / -0.09 / 0.736
K / 0.54 / 0.582 / -0.35 / 0.190
Mg / 0.44 / 0.899 / -0.41 / 0.110
Mn / 0.53 / 0.666 / -0.45 / 0.083
Zn / 0.53 / 0.687 / -0.15 / 0.571
*See main text for details on these abbreviations
Fig. S1. A diagram showing the experimental design of this study. (a) In January 2009, the arable field was divided into 9 similar experimental blocks, which were randomly divided into three groups (I + II + VII, III + V + VI, IV + VIII + IX, marked by different gray levels). Every block contains 41-44 plots (each 4 × 1 m), totaling 387 experimental plots were established. Then each plot was divided into three subplots (each 1 × 1 m). In April 2009, the 129 plots in each group were randomly assigned to one of the following six treatments: resident species monoculture (three replications for each resident species, 48 plots), four resident species polyculture (unique 27 combinations of four species drawn randomly from the resident species pool, 27 plots), nine resident species polyculture (unique 27 combinations of nine species drawn randomly from the species pool, 27 plots), 16 resident species polyculture (21 replications, 21 plots), A. artemisiifolia (invasive species) monoculture (three plots) and unsown control (three plots). The three subplots of each plot have the same species composition. In September 2009, the 9 monocultures of A. artemisiifolia were harvested before they produced mature seeds and remained unplanted thereafter; whereas, the remaining 369 experimental plant communities were left to continue growing. (b) In March 2010, 200 seeds of A. artemisiifolia were planted in one randomly selected subplot from each of the 369 experimental plant communities that were left to continue growing in September 2009.
Fig. S2. Bayesian phylogeny of the 16 resident plant species and the invader (Ambrosia artemisiifolia) used in this study. The tree was constructed based on three DNA regions (rbcL, matK and ITS). Nodal support values are shown on the branches and the 95% confidence intervals for node ages are indicated by the light blue bands.
Fig. S3. Relationships between mean phylogenetic distance (MPD) and proportion of the invader that established. Linear regression lines are shown, if significant.
Fig. S4. Relationships between mean phylogenetic distance (MPD) and average individual size of the invader. Linear regression lines are shown, if significant.
Fig. S5. Relationships between mean phylogenetic distance (MPD) and the invader biomass. Linear regression lines are shown, if significant.
Fig. S6. Relationships between phylogenetic relatedness and the proportion established (a), average individual size (b) and biomass (c) of the invader colonizing the monocultures of the 16 resident species. Each point shows the average value recorded in the monocultures of one resident species. Different functional groups were indicated by different colors.
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Fig. S7. Effects of species richness on the proportion established (a), average individual size (b) and biomass (c) of the invader. Quadratic or linear regression lines are shown, if significant.
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