Differential fitness in field and forest habitat explains density-independent habitat selection by gartersnakes

William D. Halliday, Gabriel Blouin-Demers

Appendix 1. Thermal preferences of various snake species from published studies.

We compiled a list of studies that calculated the thermal preference of snakes. Most of these studies placed snakes in a thermal gradient and calculated the thermal preference of snakes as the 25th and 75th percentiles of all temperatures selected, although a few older studies did not state how they determined thermal preference. When multiple studies examined the same species, we took the mean lower and upper bounds of all studies as our value of Tset for that species. Based on these data, we calculated the global mean Tset (± S.E.) of snakes as 26.2 ± 0.7°C - 32.7 ± 0.8°C. We also recalculated mean Tset only using the studies that calculated Tset based on the 25th and 75th percentiles as 26.8 ± 0.9°C - 30.7 ± 0.8°C.

Scientific Name / Common Name / Lower Bound / Upper Bound / Reference (s) / Comments
Acanthophis antarticus / Common Death Adder / 27.2 / 38.5 / Lillywhite 1980 / Did not use quartiles
Agkistrodon piscivorus / Cottonmouth / 19.25 / 27.05 / Crane and Greene 2008 / Average female
Austrelaps superbus / Lowland Copperhead / 26.6 / 37.1 / Lillywhite 1980 / Did not use quartiles
Boiga irregularis / Brown Treesnake / 28.2 / 31.4 / Anderson et al. 2005 / Plateau pattern on figure
Bothrops insularis / Golden Lancehead / 24.9 / 26.3 / Bovo et al. 2012 / Summer average
Coluber constrictor / Blue Racer / 22.4 / 37.4 / Kitchell 1969 / Did not use quartiles
Elaphe obsoleta / Black Rat Snake / 26.5 / 29.8 / Blouin-Demers and Weatherhead 2001
Elaphe quadrivirgata / Japanese Striped Snake / 28 / 31.6 / Tanaka 2007
Eunectes notaeus / Yellow Anaconda / 28 / 34 / McConnachie et al. 2011 / Terrestrial thigmothermal mosaic
Heterodon platyrhinos / Eastern Hog-nose snake / 23.4 / 37 / Kitchell 1969 / Did not use quartiles
Hierophis viridiflavus / European Whipsnake / 27.5 / 31 / Lelièvre et al. 2010
Hoplocephalus bungaroides / Broad-headed Snake / 28.1 / 31.1 / Webb and Shine 1998
Hoplocephalus stephensii / Stephen's Banded Snake / 27.8 / 29.3 / Fitzgerald et al. 2003
Lampropeltis triangulum / Milk snake / 29 / 31 / Row and Blouin-Demers 2006
Natrix sipedon / Common Water Snake / 20.8 / 34.7 / Kitchell 1969 / Did not use quartiles
Nerodia sipedon / Northern Water Snake / 24.7 / 29.8 / Brown and Weatherhead 2000
Notechis scutatus / Western Tiger Snake / 24.6 / 32.6 / Lillywhite 1980; Ladyman and Bradshaw 2003 / Average of two authors
Pseudechis porphyriacus / Red-bellied Black Snake / 28.1 / 36.3 / Lillywhite 1980 / Did not use quartiles
Pseudonaja nuchalis / Western Brown Snake / 31.8 / 36.9 / Lillywhite 1980 / Did not use quartiles
Pseudonaja textilis / Eastern Brown Snake / 29.05 / 35.25 / Lillywhite 1980; Whitaker and Shine 2002 / Average of two authors
Sistrurus catenatus / Massasauga Rattlesnake / 30 / 33.6 / Harvey and Weatherhead 2011
Thamnophis sirtalis / Eastern Garter Snake / 20 / 35 / Kitchell 1969 / Did not use quartiles
Trimeresurus stejnegeri / Chinese Green Tree Vipers / 20.3 / 24.3 / Tsai & Tu 2005 / Preprandial
Unechis flagellum / Little Whip Snake / 24 / 36.2 / Lillywhite 1980 / Did not use quartiles
Vipera aspis / Asp viper / 32.69 / 34.66 / Lourdais et al. 2013 / Gravid females
Vipera berus / Common European Adder / 32.17 / 34.22 / Herczeg et al. 2007; Lourdais et al. 2013 / Average of two authors
Zamenis longissimus / Aesculapian Snake / 21.5 / 25.5 / Lelièvre et al. 2011

Literature Cited

Anderson NL, HetheringtonTE, CoupeB, PerryG, Williams JB, Lehman J(2005) Thermoregulation in a nocturnal, tropical, arboreal snake. Journal of Herpetology 39:82-90.

Blouin-Demers G, Weatherhead PJ(2001) Thermal ecology of black rat snakes (Elaphe obsoleta) in a thermally challenging environment. Ecology 82:3025-3043.

Bovo RP, MarquesOA, Andrade DV(2012)When basking is not an option: thermoregulation of a viperid snake endemic to a small island in the South Atlantic of Brazil. Copeia 2012:408-418.

Brown GP, Weatherhead PJ(2000) Thermal ecology and sexual size dimorphism in northern water snakes, Nerodia sipedon. Ecological Monographs70:311-330.

Crane AL, Greene BD(2008)The effect of reproductive condition on thermoregulation in female Agkistrodon piscivorusnear the northwestern range limit. Herpetologica64:156-167.

Fitzgerald M, ShineR, Lemckert F(2003)A reluctant heliotherm: thermal ecology of the arboreal snake Hoplocephalus stephensii (Elapidae) in dense forest. Journal of Thermal Biology28:515-524.

Harvey DS, Weatherhead PJ(2011)Thermal ecology of Massasauga Rattlesnakes (Sistrurus catenatus) near their northern range limit.Canadian Journal of Zoology89:60-68.

Herczeg G, Saarikivi J, GondaA, PerӓlӓJ, TuomolaA, Merilӓ J(2007)Suboptimal thermoregulation in male adders (Vipera berus) after hibernation imposed by spermiogenesis. Biological Journal of the Linnaean Society92:19-27.

Kitchell JF(1969)Thermophilic and thermophobic responses of snakes in a thermal gradient. Copeia 1969:189-191

Ladyman M,BradshawD(2003) The influence of dehydration on the thermal preferences of the Western tiger snake, Notechis scutatus. Journal of Comparative Physiology B: Biochemical, Systems, and Environmental Physiology173:239-246.

Lourdais O, GuillonM, DeNardoD, Blouin-Demers G(2013)Cold climate specialization: Adaptive covariation between metabolic rate and thermoregulation in pregnant vipers. Physiology and Behavior119:149-155.

LelièvreH, Le Hénanff M, Blouin-Demers G,Naulleau G, Lourdais O(2010)Thermal strategies and energetics in two sympatric colubrid snakes with contrasted exposure.Journal of Comparative Physiology B: Biochemical, Systems, and Environmental Physiology180:415-425.

Lillywhite HB(1980)Behavioral thermoregulation in Australian elapid snakes. Copeia 1980:452-458.

McConnachie S, GreeneSN, Perrin MR(2011)Thermoregulation in the semi-aquatic yellow anaconda, Eunectes notaeus. Journal of Thermal Biology 36:71-77.

Row JR, Blouin-Demers G(2006)Thermal quality influences effectiveness of thermoregulation, habitat use, and behaviour in milk snakes.Oecologica 148:1-11.

Tanaka K(2007) Thermal biology of a colour-dimorphic snake, Elaphe quadrivirgata, in a montane forest: do melanistic snakes enjoy thermal advantages? Biological Journal of the Linnaean Society 92:309-322.

Tsai T, Tu M(2005) Postprandial thermophily of Chinese green tree vipers, Trimeresurus s. stejnegeri: Interfering factors on snake temperature selection in a thigmothermal gradient. Journal of Thermal Biology 30:423-430.

Webb JK, Shine R(1998) Thermoregulation by a nocturnal elapid snake (Hoplocephalus bungaroides) in southeastern Australia. Physiological Zoology 71:680-692.

Whitaker PB, Shine R(2002) Thermal biology and activity patterns of the eastern brownsnake (Pseudonaja textilis): a radiotelemetric study.Herpetologica 58:436-452.

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