Name:______Group: ______

Activity: 2.3 Name of Activity: Data Interpretation

Objective: The student will get used to the interpretation of data in several types of presentations it is used.

Instructions: Read the following text and interpret the data is given to you.

What does "statistical significance" really mean? When a statistic is significant, it simply means that you are very sure that the statistic is reliable. It doesn't mean the finding is important or that it has any decision-making utility. Significance is a statistical term that tells how sure you are that a difference or relationship exists.
In statistics and probability theory. Standard deviation (represented by the symbol sigma, σ) shows how much variation or "dispersion" exists from the average (mean, or expected value). A low standard deviation indicates that the data points tend to be very close to the mean; high standard deviation indicates that the data points are spread out over a large range of values. It is show in bar graphics as a vertical line with the extremes with a horizontal line
The ability to interpret data presented in tables, graphs and charts is a common requirement in many management and professional jobs. If you are applying for a job which involves analysis of decision-making based on numerical data then you can expect to have to answer data interpretation questions.
Data interpretation problems usually require two basic steps. First, you have to read a chart or graph in order to obtain certain information. Then you have to apply or manipulate the information in order to obtain an answer. These questions often use very specific illustrations, for example the question may present financial data. However, an understanding of finance will not be needed to answer the question.

The table above shows imports for three types of steel over a six month period. Use this information to answer the following questions.
1 Which month showed the largest decrease in total imports over the previous month?
A)  February / B)  March / C)  April / D)  May / E)  Jun
2 What was the total value of sheet steel (in $) imported over the 6 month period?
A)  56 750 / B)  75 300 / C)  55 550 / D)  42 370 / E)  44 750
3 What was the percentage of scrap steel imported in the 6 month period?
A)  37.5 / B)  35.2 / C)  36.1 / D)  31.2 / E)  38.3
4 What was the difference (in thousands of tons) between coil steel and sheet steel imports in the first 3 months of the year?
A)  10 / B)  16 / C)  18 / D)  19 / E)  20

World population exceeded 6.1 billion individuals in 2001, and is growing at about 1.3 percent annually. Over sixty percent of the world’s population lives in Asia, 13 percent live in Africa and 12 percent live in Europe; the remaining 14 percent live in the Americas and Oceania.
DATA DISCUSSION AND INTERPRETATION:
Unfavorable left ventricular (LV) remodeling often complicates acute myocardial infarction (AMI). This process involves cellular and molecular mechanisms beginning days after AMI and persisting for weeks and months after the initial insult, both at the site of infarction and in the surviving unaffected areas, occurring in a necrosis-independent manner.
Myocardial apoptosis represents a potential pathophysiologic mechanism in heart failure progression. It is responsible for myocardiocyte loss in the acute phases of acute myocardial infarction , in the post-infarction period, and in end-stage of heart failure.
*Abbate, Antonio; et.al. 2003. “Increased Myocardial Apoptosis in Patients With Unfavorable Left Ventricular Remodeling and Early Syptomatic Post- Ifarction Heart Failure”. Journal of the American College of Cardiology. Volume 41. (No. 5)
Necrosis is the cell death and the subsequent post-mortem changes. Apoptosis, it’s a programmed, managed form of cell death. *Mittelman A., Kanduc D. et.al. 2002. “Cell death: apoptosis versus necrosis (review)”. Int. Journal of Oncology. Volume. 21 (1). Pages 165-170.
DATA DISCUSSION AND INTERPRETATION:

In this graphic you could find that PJ=Petajoule=1015 J
And the magnitude scale is the scale used to measure the magnitude of earthquakes commonly known as RICHTER SCALE.
DATA DISCUSSION AND INTERPRETATION:

The molecular biology of malignancy is diverse, complex, and remains poorly understood. The incidence of malignancies such as breast cancer is increasing consistently, and breast cancer has now become the commonest form of female malignancy among women in almost all of Europe and North America.
Mi(cro)RNAs are a contemporary class of tiny noncoding endogenous RNA molecules. Since their discovery in 1993, these small molecules have been shown to play critical regulatory roles in a wide range of biological and pathological processes. Nonetheless, work in this area to date has demonstrated that miRNAs may regulate cellular gene expression.
MiRNA and Human Cancer. Early experimental work into the regulatory role of miRNAs uncovered their important role in various cellular processes such as differentiation, cell growth, and cell death. These processes are commonly dysregulated in cancer, implicating miRNAs in carcinogenesis. MiRNA expression has been observed to be upregulated or downregulated in tumours compared with normal tissue, supporting their dual role in carcinogenesis as either “Oncomirs” or tumour suppressors respectively. *Heneghan, H.M. (2010). “MicroRNAs as Novel Biomarkers for Breast Cancer” Journal of Oncology, volume 2010 (950201), Page number 1-3, 7.
DATA DISCUSSION AND INTERPRETATION:
Many pathological conditions are characterized by gross abnormalities in trace-and bulk- element concentrations. Determination of the status of some metals in serum, especially those subject to diurnal variation such as zinc, is at best uncertain. For example, the zinc concentration depends highly on the serum albumin concentration. Furthermore, the amount of toxic metal assayed un whole blood is largely a function of hepatic metallothionein production.
Thus, to determine accurately the presence of low concentrations of toxic metals and abnormalities in the balance of trace elements, other tissues are being analyzed in search of reliable indicators of metal status. Analysis of the metal content of hair provides a longer record of trace-element metabolism, because the hair grows, on the average, about 1-2cm a month.
Hair has been demonstrated to be a major vehicle for the excretion of toxic metals which may be concentrated to 10-fold the amount found in blood or urine. In the present study we examined the metal content of hair of dyslexic children and of their peers with no apparent learning disabilities.
*Capel, Ifor D. et. Al. (1981). “Comparison of Concentrations of Some Trace, Bulk, and Toxic Metals in the hair of Normal and Dyslexic Children”. Clinical Chemistry, volume 27 (6). Pages. 879-881.
DATA DISCUSSION AND INTERPRETATION:

Notas sobre evidencia: Fecha, tipo de entrega (virtual o física), etc.