Soc213(001) Social Deviance Bogart Test01A 02/15/00
Part01: Text (Thio) Items: Old Item
Ch. 02: Traditional Theories
01. Merton, Cloward and Ohlin, and Cohen all agreed that the experience of _____ forces people to engage in deviant activity. . inadequate socialization; B. intrinsic psychological dysfunction; C. anomic structural pressures; D. societally induced strain; E. alienated libido. (p.17)
02 .The central subject of Merton’s strain theory is _____, a type of deviant adaptation to the _____. . innovation, goal-means gap; B. conformity, disjunction meridian; C. retreatism, anomic frustration;
D. ethnocentrism, goals-means disjunction; E. differential opportunity, shame reintegration gap. (p. 19)
03. In status frustration theory, Cohen studied lower-class boys, who, frustrated with their inability to achieve at school, would set up their own distinct (best answer) _____. . socialization clubs, B. delinquent subcultures, C. successful subcultures, D. ritual enclaves,
E. criminal nexus. (p. 20)
04. In a _____, a youngster has the opportunity to achieve status within a violent delinquent gang (best answer). . criminal subculture, B. deviant subculture, C. conflict subculture D. poor neighborhood, E. ghetto. (p. 21)
05. According to Cloward and Ohlin’s theory of _____,whether or not a lower-class person will commit a deviant act such as robbery, depends on the nature of their access to illegitimate opportunity in the lower-class neighborhood. . differential alienation; B. differential illegitimate opportunity; C. status frustration; D. goal-means gap; E. behaviorism. (p. 21)
06. One of the greatest contributions of strain theory, originally published in 1938, was to help sociologists seek the causes of deviance in _____ rather than _____. . individual, in society; B. aspirations, within the society; C. upper-classes, lower-classes;
D. society, within the individual; E. socio-biology, phrenology.
(p. 23)
07. A valid premise of strain theory, as put forth by Thio, is that: . if an individual associates more with people who hold deviant ideas, the individual is likely to become deviant, B. lower-class people are more likely to commit deviance, C. once labeled deviant, people tend to see themselves as deviant, D. first time offenders have weak social bonds, E. when there is a significant gap between aspirations and opportunity, deviation is generated, regardless of social class. (p. 23).
08. You hang out with your local neighborhood gang. Whether or not you also become deviant, according to Glaser, depends on whether or not you _____with them. . bond B. associate, C. identify, D. approach, E. learn. (p. 24)
09. Burgess and Akers Social Leaning Theory is also referred to as _____ and is based on _____. . differential reinforcement, behaviorist theories B. reward contingency, conflict theory, C. prevention contingency, institutional theory, D. opportunity reinforcement, Freudian theory, E. differential application, status denigration theory. (p. 25).
10. Attachment, commitment, involvement, and belief are four elements of _____. . Hirschi’s social bond and self-control theory, B. Braithwaite’s reintegrative shaming theory, C. the deterrence doctrine D. Marxist theory, E. feminist theory. (p. 27).
Ch. 03: Modern Theories
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11. All but which of the following applies to labeling theory? . being labeled deviant produces negative consequences for the labeled, B. generally the powerful are more able to label others as deviant, C. deviance is a collective action, D. would assume that a former mental patient would have more difficulty finding a job than someone not so labeled, E. labeling has nothing but negative consequences for society. (p. 34).
12. Modern sociologists are more interested in the _____ rather than the _____of deviance. . morality, cause; B. meaning, cause; C. control, consequences; D. etiology, labeling; E. legal problems, treatment. (p. 34)
13. An ex-con has difficulty finding a job. This is an example of a consequence of _____ and this _____ may compel him into a criminal career (best answer): . social strain, internal conflict; B. strong social bonding, differential identification; C. a goals-means gap, reintegrative shaming; D. the deterrence doctrine, illegitimate opportunity; E. being labeled, stigmatization. (p. 36)
14. According to Lemert, in _____ deviation, someone commits a deviant act, but in _____ deviation, the person identifies himself (herself) as a deviant. . primary, diversified, B. secondary, tertiary, C. negative, evaluation D. secondary, primary, E. primary, secondary. (p. 36)
15. One of the primary (and common) criticisms of labelling theory: It tends to neglect the categories of deviance most sociologists are
interested in. B. It has difficulty in explaining why deviance (primary deviance) occurs in the first place. C. It is not rooted in any of the major traditions of sociology. D. It fails to take into
account how the individual deviant experiences his/her deviance. E. It blames the victims of the criminalizing process. (pp. 37-38)
16. _____ has also been referred to as ethnomethodology, existential sociology, creative sociology, or sociology of everyday life. . positivism, B. labeling theory, C. phenomenological theory, D. conflict theory, E. Marxist theory. (p. 38)
17. The meanings that positivists ascribe to deviance are abstract in nature .... By contrast, the meanings that the deviant persons imputes to his or her own behavior are . inferred, B. transparent, C. situated, D. operationalized, E. graphic. (p. 39)
18. Agnes was: . a gang leader studied in an attempt to examine labeling theory in female delinquents, B. a prostitute exemplifying the core of feminist deviance theories, C. Agnes Katz, a phenomenologist, D. a cross-dresser whose weak self-control led her to engage in cross-dressing, E. a hermaphrodite with male genitals who really felt she was a normal woman. (p. 41).
19. A critique of _____ is that they fail to recognized that powerless people cannot easily exercise their free will because it is often suppressed by their miserable life circumstances. . legal reality theorists, B. phenomenologists, C. feminist theorists, D. learning theories, E. control theorists. (p. 42)
20. A criticism of _____ theory is that it relies on the subjective experience of the deviant who exercises free will, while ignoring the effect of the restrictive conditions on that process of decision making that exists in some deviants’ lives. . feminist; B. legal reality; C. labeling; D. phenomenological; E. differential association. (p. 42)
Part02: Text (Thio) Items: Newly Constructed
Ch.02: Traditional Theories
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21. Which of the following is a Strain Theory? . Differential Identification, B. Differential Association, C. Reintegrative Shaming, D. Social Bond and Self Control, E. none of the above. (pp. 17-22)
22. Merton’s Goal-Means Gap . discourages individuals from engaging in deviant activities, B. is the absence of social norms, C. encourages success without legitimate means to accomplish this goal, D. is most likely to occur among wealthy individuals, E. is a function of the individuals level of education. (p. 18)
23. The adaptation response from placing too much emphasis on the success goal and not enough emphasis on legitimate means is . Rebellion, B. Retreatism, C. Ritualism, D. Innovation, E. Conformity. (p. 19)
24. “_____ suggests that U.S. Society encourages all classes of people to achieve status while at the same time making it difficult for lower class people to really achieve it.” . Durkheim, B. Merton, C. Freud, D. Cohen, E. Cloward and Ohlin. (p.19)
25. The delinquent subculture was the topic of which theorist? . Durkheim, B. Merton, C. Freud, D. Cohen, E. Cloward and Ohlin. (p.20)
26. According to Cloward and Ohlin (1960) which of the following is NOT one of the types of illegitimate opportunity individuals may use to achieve their success goals? . robbery, B. fighting, C. drug usage, D. murder, E. these are all examples of illegitimate opportunity. (pp. 21-22)
27. _____ shows that an individual is pushed into deviant involvement by association with deviants. . Social Learning, B. Differential Identification, C. Differential Reinforcement, D. Differential Association, E. none of the above. (p. 24)
28. If you believe that a person will continue to engage in deviant activities if they are rewarded for doing so, then you believe in . Hirsch’s Social Bond and Self-Control, B. Burgess and Aker’s Differential Reinforcement or Social Learning, C. Braithwaite’s Reintegrative Shaming, D. Glaser’s Differential Identification, E. none of the above. (pp. 24-25)
29. Which of the following is NOT a Control Theory? . Social Learning, B. Differential Identification, C. Differential Reinforcement, D. Differential Association, E. all of the above. (pp. 26-28)
30. Which of the following is NOT a way for individuals to bond themselves with society according to Hirschi (1969) . a belief in the moral validity of social rules, B. respect for alternative viewpoints C. attachment to conventional people and institutions, D. commitment to conformity, E. each of these are bonding methods. (p. 27)
Ch03: Modern Theories
31. According to labeling theory . the focus should be on the deviant person alone, B. the focus should be on “normal” individuals, C. the focus is on class division of society, D. focus on the interaction between the deviants and the conventional people, E. none of the above. (p. 34)
32. Which of the following statements about labeling theory is NOT correct? . deviance is a static process, B. deviance comes from the response to deviance, C. deviance is a dynamic process, D. forms of behavior do not differentiate deviants from non-deviants, E. labeling theory searches out the causes of deviance. (p. 35)
33. Which of the following people would most likely NOT apply the deviant label to others? . the poor, B. the rich, C. white individuals, D. judges, E. prison guards. (p. 35)
34. According to Tannenbaum (1938), which of the following is a consequence of labeling on the deviant? . persecution, B. incarceration, C. isolation from the community, D. unemployment, E. none of the above. (pp. 35-37)
35. According to Lemert (1951) secondary deviance . occurs when the individual perceives himself as deviant, B. occurs when an individual is initially labeled due to something they did, C. occurs at the point that penalties are levied, D. is the stigmatization by the community, E. is the hostility and resentment focused on those doing the penalizing. (p. 36)
36. Which one of the following is a consequence of labeling for the labeler? . the labeler is frequently assaulted, B. enhanced social order, C. community distrust, D. economic decay, E. increased institutionalization costs. (p. 37)
37. According to Thio, . objective meanings are constructs of the first degree, B. subjective meanings are constructs of the second degree, C. social reality is constructed by the scientific observer, D. personal beliefs and experiences of the observer must be used to apply meaning to the subject’s experience, E. the subject’s experience must be objectively evaluated. (pp. 39-40)
38. According to Thio, Phenomenology is used to study all of the following EXCEPT . suicide, B. sexual identity, C. religious cults, D. murderers and robbers, E. gang members. (pp. 40-41)
39. According to Thio, incompatible interest, needs and desires between whites and blacks is an example of . cultural conflict, B. definitional conflict, C. Marxist conflict, D. social conflict, E. power conflict. (p. 43)
40. The statement “legal authorities are actually unfair and unjust, favoring the rich and powerful over the weak and poor” (Chambliss and Seidman, 1971) is talking about which conflict theory? . Social Reality Theory, B. Feminist Theory, C. Marxist Theory, D. Power Theory, E. none of the above. (p. 44)
Part 3: Lecture Items—Old
41. Erikson used the expression “boundary maintaining” to note that communities (societies) are . ethnocentric, B. regulation migration into and out of their boundaries, C. socialize their members, D. resist their loss of autonomy, E. attempt to distinguish themselves in moral and normative terms.
42. According to Erikson, penal reform after which deviants were no longer paraded in the public square coincided with the development of . mass media, B. capital punishment, C. psychology, D. functional theory E. democratic societies.
43. According to Davis, the vigor of prostitution as an institution is based in its capacity to provide . . more docile, less anti-social men, B. increased economic exchange, C. sexual satisfaction without interpersonal complication, D. something for religious leaders to organize against, E. to maintain some degree of social distance and self respect for the prostitute.
44.Faris and Dunham related mental disorder in particular and deviance generally to the ecological factor of: . population size, B. the demographic transition, C. cultural lag, D. urban zones, E. dominance.
45. Mills noted that most social pathologists are from . upper class, city backgrounds, B. prosperous small towns, C. middle class, rural backgrounds, D. middle class, city backgrounds, E. none of the above.
46. Cloward argued that Merton (in his anomie model) erred in failing to pay adequate attention to differential . income B. motivation, C. legitimate opportunities generally, D. illegitimate opportunities generally, E. marginality.
47. According to Merton, the claim the “frustration is the individual’s own thought and good for him or her” is part of . The Protestant Ethic, B. the conservative myth, C. The Manichean Principle, D. the social contract, E. latent text of sociologists.
48. By means of what sociological concept does Cloward explain the fact that only some people are given training or “tutelage” as professional thieves? . differential identification, B. retreatism, C. sub-culture, D. residual deviance, E. self selection.
49. The most important groups, according to developmental theorists, in the genesis of criminal behavior are . . tertiary groups, B. intimate personal groups, C. secondary groups, D. educational groups, E. religious groups.
50. Techniques of neutralization according to Sykes and Matza are: . ways the deviant uses to maintain dominance, B. rationalizations the individual uses to protect him/herself from blame, C. means of maintaining a non-deviant or non- criminal status, D. ways a deviant uses to violate the laws of society, E. techniques the dominant society uses to control the subculture groups in society.
51. Travis Hirschi rejects the sociological question “What is the motivation for social deviance?” because he argues that deviance exists without motivation, B. deviance is largely politically motivated, C. deviance does not account for class differences, D. the study of motivation is psychological E. we all are motivated towards deviance in essentially the same ways.