STAAR Review, February 3, 2012

  1. Photosynthesis
  1. Carried out by producers (autotrophs)
  2. Plants
  3. Protists (algae)
  4. Bacteria
  5. Usually use chlorophyll
  6. Process combines CO2 and water to make sugars and oxygen in the presence of light
  7. Main substance formed is glucose
  8. Glucose can be used directly
  9. Glucose can be converted to a storage form such as glycogen (animals) or starch (plants)
  10. Chemical reaction is

6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2

  1. Takes place in the chloroplast
  2. Thylakoid membranes (grana) are the sites of light reactions
  3. Stroma is the site of Calvin cycle
  1. Cellular Respiration
  1. Three reactions to release energy from food
  2. Glycolysis-breaks down glucose
  3. Produces two molecules of pyruvic acid
  4. Requires 2 molecules of ATP
  5. Produces 4 molecules of ATP
  6. NET ATP production is 2
  7. Occurs in cytoplasm
  8. Kreb’s Cycle
  9. Requires oxygen
  10. Occurs in mitochondria
  11. Produces 2 molecules of ATP
  12. Electron Transport Chain
  13. Requires oxygen
  14. Occurs in mitochondria
  15. Converts electrons (and hydrogens) to ATP
  16. Produces 30 ATP
  17. Overall reaction:

C6H12O6 + 6O2→ 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy (ATP)

PROCESS / REACTANTS / PRODUCTS / ENERGY INVOLVED
Photosynthesis / Carbon dioxide,
Water / Glucose, oxygen / Light energy
Cellular Respiration / Glucose, oxygen / Carbon dioxide,
Water / Release of ATP
  1. Cell division
  1. Cell reproduction
  2. process by which cells divide to form new daughter cells
  3. two forms
  4. mitosis produces cells for growth and repair
  5. meiosis produces gametes for sexual reproduction
  6. requires DNA replication to occur during interphase
  7. Cell Cycle
  8. Sequence of growth and division in a eukaryotic cell’s life
  9. G1 – growth phase for routine functions, cell gets larger
  10. S – DNA replication occurs
  11. G2 - cell prepares for division, produces more organelles
  12. M (mitosis) – nucleus divides to ensure each daughter cell gets a copy of every chromosome
  13. Cytokinesis – follows mitosis to make sure each cell gets appropriate cytoplasm and organelles
  14. Mitosis
  15. Prophase – chromosomes condense (chromatids attached at centromere); centrioles move to opposite poles; spindles form; nuclear membrane dissolves
  16. Metaphase – chromosomes line up at the equator; each chromatid attached to a spindle
  17. Anaphase – sister chromatids are pulled apart and move toward opposite poles
  18. Telophase – chromosomes reach poles and unravel; spindles break down; nuclear membranes form around each set of chromosomes
  19. Cytokinesis follows to divide cytoplasm and organelles equally
  20. Animal cells pinch the membrane together to separate cytoplasm
  21. Plant cells build cell plates (cell wall) to separate cytoplasm