Your name: ______
Final examFeb. 12, 2004
Introduction to General Linguistics
Question sheet: 10 pages
Time: 90 minutes
The rules are the same as they were for the mid-term:
What I want from you is an answer sheet with your answers. This sheet here is the question-sheet. Suggestion for you: work out all the answers on the question-sheet first. In the end,
transfer them to the answer sheet.
Please mark on the answer sheet (by crossing out) one of A.-D. for each question.
Your get 0 points for your answer if you
(a) mark no answer
(b) mark an incorrect answer or
(c) mark more than one answer.
You get 1 point for your answer only if you mark the single correct answer.
1.The word blueberry consists of
A.a single morpheme
B.two bound morphemes
C.two free morphemes
D.a bound and a free morpheme
2.The word cranberry consists of
A.a single morpheme
B.two bound morphemes
C.two free morphemes
D.a bound and a free morpheme
3.The expression [the chair and the table] consists of
A.one lexical word and four function words
B.two lexical words and three function words
C.three lexical words and two function words
D.four lexical words and one function word
4.A prefix
A.occurs before the element it attaches to
B.occurs after the element it attaches to
C.has two parts, one occurring before, one after the element it attaches to
D.occurs inside of the element it attaches to
5.Which of the following can not change the grammatical category of an element?
A. derivational suffixation
B.inflectional suffixation
C. composition
D. multiple derivational suffixation
6.In [crystal-ize-s]
A.crystal is the stem, and crystal-ize is the root
B.crystal-ize is the stem and crystal-ize-s (the whole thing) is the root
C.crystal is the root and crystal-ize is the stem
D.crystal-ize is the root and crystal-ize-s (the whole thing) is the stem
7.In a typical compound like [swear word], the properties of the entire compound
A.are largely the properties of the left member swear.
B.are largely the properties of the right member word.
C.symmetrically come from the left and from the right member
D.don't have anything to do with the properties of the two members
8.Sentences and clauses: which of the following is correct?
A. Sentences only occur in English, while clauses only occur in German.
B.Clauses only occur in English, while sentences only occur in German.
C. A sentence can contain more than one clause.
D. A clause can contain more than one sentence.
9.In the sentence [John usually relaxes and Mary likes to read when she comes home]
A.there is one finite verb
B.there are two finite verbs
C.there are three finite verbs
D.there are four finite verbs
10.Which of the following is not true:
A.Constituents can often move, while strings that are not constituents cannot move.
B.Constituents are meaningful units.
C.In all English clauses, the finite verb immediately follows the first constituent.
D.If a clause has a subject, the subject is necessarily a constituent.
(i)[Which car do you like] ?(English example)
(ii)[Welches Auto mag-st du] ?(German example)
which car like-2nd.person you(English word-for-word translation of German example)
11.In (i) and (ii), the bracketed constituents are
A.An IP in (i) and a CP in (ii)
B.A CP in (i) and an IP in (ii)
C.An IP in both (i) and (ii)
D.A CP in both (i) and (ii)
(iii)[Mary likes the Toyota] (English example)
(iv)[Maria mag den Toyota] (German example)
Maria likes the Toyota.(English word-for-word translation of German example)
12.In (iii) and (iv), the bracketed constituents are
A.An IP in (iii) and a CP in (iv)
B.A CP in (iii) and an IP in (iv)
C.An IP in both (iii) and (iv)
D.A CP in both (iii) and (iv)
(v)Mary says that [she likes the Toyota] (English example)
(vi)Maria sagt dass [sie den Toyota mag] (German example)
Maria says that she the Toyota likes(word-for-word translation)
13.In (v) and (vi), the bracketed constituents are
A.An IP in (v) and a CP in (vi)
B.A CP in (v) and an IP in (vi)
C.An IP in both (v) and (vi)
D.A CP in both (v) and (vi)
14.In the English examples (iii) and (v), the verb likes is
A.inside its VP like all English finite verbs
B.inside its VP like all English main verbs
C.moved to I
D.moved to C
15.In the German example (vi), the verb mag is
A.inside its VP like all German finite verbs
B.inside its VP like all German finite verbs in clauses that begin with dass
C.moved to I
D.moved to C
(vii)to pet the dog(English example)
(viii)den Hund streicheln(German example)
the dog pet(word-for-word translation)
16.In (vii) and (viii), the word-order difference between English and German is because
A.The verb in the English (vii) has moved to I.
B.The verb in the English (vii) has moved to C.
C.The English VP is head-initial and the German VP is head-final.
D.The verb in the German (viii) has moved to C.
17.The words big and large are
A.synonyms
B.antonyms
C.homophones
D.polysemous
18.The German word 'Bank' [baNk] has two unrelated meaning: (a) something to sit on,
and (b) an institution that handles money. This is a case of
A.synonymy
B.antonymy
C.homophony
D.polysemy
19.For two sentences A and B, which of the following is possible
A.A entails B and A contradicts B.
B.A is a paraphrase of B and A contradicts B.
C.A entails B and A is a paraphrase of B.
D.A entails B and A does not entail B.
(ix) Different aspects of the meaning of [the president of Russia]:
(a)politics, problems with Chechnia
(b)the person in charge of the Russian government
(c)the real person Vladimir Putin
20.In (ix), (a) is this expression's
A. connotation
B.denotation
C. intension
D. grammatical category
21.In (ix), (c) is this expression's
A. connotation
B.denotation
C. intension
D. grammatical category
22.Let's say we have a sentence with an assertion part and a presupposition part. Under negation,
the typical case is that
A.the assertion remains, while the presupposition is negated
B.the assertion remains, while the presupposition goes away
C.the assertion is negated, while the presupposition remains
D.there is no assertion, and the presupposition goes away
Make yourself some notes and test this a bit, before answering 23. In doing so, go for the 'normal' case, no complicated scenarios with extra stress etc.
(xi)John regrets that he insulted Bill.
23.The presupposition of (xi) is that
A. John didn't insult Bill.
B.John insulted Bill.
C. John doesn't know that he insulted Bill.
D. Bill deserved the insult.
24.Which of the following is not true of presuppositions?
A.Presuppositions come from lexical items or constructions.
B.Presuppositions typically establish a connection to previous context.
C.Performatives are a typical class of presuppositions.
D.Presuppositions are formalized as conditions that must be fulfilled so an extension can be assigned.
(xii)Mary: The new restaurant is all right.
Jane: (doesn't know how good the new restaurant is,
but concludes that it is not exactly wonderful.)
25.In (xii), the information in brackets about what Jane is doing is
A.Jane notices an implicature
B.Jane cancels an implicature
C.Jane notices an entailment
D.Jane accommodates a presupposition
(xiii)Mary: The car in my garage smells funny.
Jane: (didn't know that Mary has a car in her garage,
but adds that to her knowledge at this point)
26.In (xiii), the sentence said by Mary
A. asserts that there is a unique car
B.asserts that there is a unique car in Mary's garage
C. presupposes that there is a unique car
D. presupposes that there is a unique car in Mary's garage
27.In (xiii), the information in brackets about what Jane is doing is
A.Jane notices an implicature
B.Jane cancels an implicature
C.Jane notices an entailment
D.Jane accommodates a presupposition
28.Which of the following is not a short form for one of Grice's maximes of conversation?
A.Be truthful.
B.Be polite.
C.Be informative.
D.Be relevant.
Make yourself notes on the scalar implicature of (xiv); then answer 29.-32.
(xiv)Jane says: "Mary has four cars."
29.The sentence that Jane says in (xiv)
A.implicates that Mary has three cars, and entails that she does not have five cars;
B.entails that Mary has three cars, and implicates that she does not have five cars;
C.implicates that Mary has three cars, and implicates that she does not have five cars;
D.entails that Mary has three cars, entails that she does not have five cars, and
implicates that she has four cars.
30.The implicature of what Jane says in (xiv) goes back to
A. the maxim of quality
B.the maxim of quantity
C. the maxim of politeness
D. the maxim of relevance
31.Which of the following is a crucial consideration for arriving at the implicature of (xiv)?
A.Why didn't Jane say "Mary has three cars", which would have been more informative?
B.Why didn't Jane say "Mary has three cars", which would have been less informative?
C.Why didn't Jane say "Mary has five cars", which would have been more informative?
D.Why didn't Jane say "Mary has five cars", which would have been less informative?
32.In a scalar implicature more generally, a statement with an element on a scale
A.implicates a weaker statement
B.implicates the negation of a weaker statement
C.implicates a stronger statement
D.implicates the negation of a stronger statement
33. According to the theory you learned in class, [a nose of John] is strange because
A.all indefinites of the form [a NP] require that there is more than one NP;
B.all indefinites of the form [a NP] must be given in the common ground;
C.you would have had to say [the nose of John] instead, because this presupposes more;
D.you would have had to say [the nose of John] instead, because this presupposes less.
34.The utterance 'Mary has already arrived?' has
A.the syntactic form 'statement', and the function 'question'
B.the syntactic form 'declarative', and the function 'question'
C.the syntactic form 'interrogative', and the function 'statement'
D.the syntactic form 'question', and the function 'declarative'
In the following, use a test if you are not sure.
(xv)I inform you that I will not be able to come.
(xvi)I sentence you to 10 years in prison.
35.Of the two sentences above
A. (xv) is a statement and (xvi) is a performative
B.(xv) is a performative and (xvi) is a statement
C. both (xv) and (xvi) are statements
D. both (xv) and (xvi) are performatives
36.Generally, performatives
A.are also called constatives, and establish a new non-trivial fact
B.are different from constatives, and establish a new non-trivial fact
C.are also called constatives, and make a statement that may be right or wrong
D.are different from constatives, and make a statement that may be right or wrong
Recall: the trachea is the pipe up from the lungs, and the esophagus is the pipe up from the stomach.
37.In our human anatomy,
A.the trachea directly connects to the nose, and the esophagus directly connects to the oral cavity
B.the larynx sits on top of the esophagus, where trachea and esophagus come together
C.the larynx sits on top of the trachea, where trachea and esophagus come together
D.the larynx separates oral cavity and nasal cavity
38.Voicing of a voiced sound is produced
A.by vibrations of the velum in the larynx
B.by vibrations of the tongue over the outgoing air-flow
C.by vibrations of the vocal cords in the larynx
D.by periodically raising the velum
39.During the articulation of [s], nasal airflow is cut off
A.by pushing the back of the tongue against the pharynx
B.by closing the vocal cords in the larynx
C.by lowering the velum
D.by raising the velum
Recall our simplified names for the cartilages in the larynx: 'base' for cricoid, 'shield' for thyroid, and 'positioners' for the arytenoids.
40.The vocal cords are attached in the larynx
A. to the cricoid and to the thyroid
B.to the cricoid and to the arytenoids
C. to the thyroid and to the arytenoids
D. to the arytenoids only
41.During the closure part of the production of [k], there is
A.oral airflow, but no nasal airflow
B.nasal airflow, but no oral airflow
C.oral airflow and nasal airflow
D.no nasal airflow and no oral airflow
42.During the production of [N], there is
A.oral airflow, but no nasal airflow
B.nasal airflow, but no oral airflow
C.oral airflow and nasal airflow
D.no nasal airflow and no oral airflow
43.During the production of [a)], in languages that have this sound, there is
A.oral airflow, but no nasal airflow
B.nasal airflow, but no oral airflow
C.oral airflow and nasal airflow
D.no nasal airflow and no oral airflow
44. Active and passive articulators of [S] are as follows:
A.active articulator is the dorsum, passive articulator is the alveolar ridge
B.active articulator is the dorsum, passive articulator is the palato-alveolar region
C.active articulator is the corona, passive articulator is the alveolar ridge
D.active articulator is the corona, passive articulator is the palato-alveolar region
45.Active and passive articulators of [N] are as follows:
A. active articulator is the corona, passive articulator is the alveolar ridge
B.active articulator is the corona, passive articulator is the velum
C. active articulator is the dorsum, passive articulator is the velum
D. active articulator is the dorsum, passive articulator is the pharynx
46.'Liquids'
A.is another name for voiced plosives
B.are sounds with two halves: a plosive part and a fricative part
C.are the sounds [l] and [r]
D.are the sounds [h] and [?]
47.The transcription of 'knife' is
A.[knaIf]
B.[knaIfI]
C.[naIf]
D.[naIfI]
48.The sounds [ts, tS, pf] are
A.glottal sounds
B.affricates
C.diphthongs
D.glides
49.The vowels [i, e] are
A.high front vowels
B.mid front vowels
C.non-low front vowels
D.non-high front vowels
50.Comparison of English and German vowels:
A. German has [e˘, o˘], which English lacks; instead, English has [eI, oU], which German lacks.
B.German has [i˘, u˘], which English lacks; instead, English has [eI, oU], which German lacks;
C. German has [eI, oU], which English lacks; instead, English has [e˘, o˘], which German lacks.
D. German has [eI, oU], which English lacks; instead, English has [i˘, u˘], which German lacks.
51.In a vowel inventory [i, u, e, o, Q, a], which of the following is not a natural class?
A.[i, u]
B.[i, u, e, o]
C.[o, u]
D.[i, u, Q, a]
52.What does it mean that two sounds are in complementary distribution?
A.one sound has the feature [-cont], the other has the feature [+cont]
B.they occur in the same environments, which can be demonstrated with minimal pairs
C.they never occur in the same environment
D.they often occur in compliments, such as 'What a nice hat!'
53.What do we normally call two sounds in complementary distribution?
A.separate phonemes (because of the minimal pairs)
B.allophones of the same phoneme
C.sounds in harmony
D.affected sounds
(xvii)In English, voiceless [l8] occurs after voiceless plosives ([pl8i˘s])
voiced [l] occurs otherwise (word-initially, after voiced sounds,
after voiceless fricatives; [lIft])
54.As far as markedness,
A.voiced [l] is marked, because obstruents are typically voiceless
B.voiced [l] is unmarked, because obstruents are typically voiced
C.voiced [l] is marked, because sonorants are typically voiceless
D.voiced [l] is unmarked, because sonorants are typically voiced
55.What phonological account would standardly explain the situation in (xvii)?
A. Voiced [l] is underlying; voiceless [l8] is created by the rule
voiceless plosives -> [-voice] / ___ [l]
B.Voiced [l] is underlying; voiceless [l8] is created by the rule
[l] -> [-voice] / [voiceless plosive] ___
C. Voiceless [l8] is underlying, voiced [l] is created by the rule
voiced plosive -> [-voice] / ___ [l]
D. Voiceless [l8] is underlying, voiced [l] is created by the rule
[l8] -> [+voice] / [voiced plosive] ___
56.Obstruents are sounds that are
A.produced with no build-up of air pressure in the vocal tract
B.produced with a build-up of air pressure in the vocal tract
C.produced with uninterrupted airflow in the oral tract
D.produced with an interruption of airflow in the oral tract
57.fricatives are classified as
A.[+consonantal, +sonorant, +continuant]
B.[+consonantal, +sonorant, -continuant]
C.[+consonantal, -sonorant, +continuant]
D.[+consonantal, -sonorant, -continuant]
58.A phonological rule in which a sound takes on a feature from another sound in its
environment is called
A.epenthesis
B.assimilation
C.syncope
D.apocope
At the end of this question-sheet you find the semantic rules for deriving meanings that we have discussed in class. Write a syntactic structure for the sentence in (x)
(x)Every raven is hungry and thirsty
and derive the truth-conditions for it in your notes. Use your result to answer the questions 59. - 64.
(I will not collect or grade your notes with the syntactic structure or with the derivation.)
59. Which of the following is not a constituent in (x)?
A. Every raven
B.hungry and thirsty
C. Every raven is hungry
D. Every raven is hungry and thirsty
60.How often is the rule (E2) applied in the derivation of the truth-conditions of (x)?
A.Once
B.Twice
C.Three times
D.Rule (E2) is not applied in this sentence.
61.How often is the rule (E4) applied in the derivation of the truth-conditions of (x)?
A.Once
B.Twice
C.Three times
D.Rule (E4) is not applied in this sentence.
62. Which of the following correctly reflects the extension of [hungry and thirsty]?
A.[[hungry]] [[thirsty]]
B.[[hungry]] [[thirsty]]
C.[[hungry]] [[thirsty]]
D.[[hungry]] [[thirsty]]
63. Which of the following correctly reflects the truth-conditions of (x)?
A. ( [[hungry]] [[thirsty]] ) [[raven]]
B. [[raven]] ( [[hungry]] [[thirsty]] )
C. [[raven]] ( [[hungry]] [[thirsty]] )
D. ( [[hungry]] [[thirsty]] ) [[raven]]
Situation 1: Abraxas is a raven, and he is hungry but not thirsty. There are other ravens, and they are hungry and thirsty.
Situation 2: There are only two ravens, Abraxas and his friend. Abraxas is hungry but not thirsty. His friend is thirsty but not hungry.
64.The sentence (x) is
A.true in situation 1 and true in situation 2
B.true in situation 1 and false in situation 2
C.false in situation 1 and true in situation 2
D.false in situation 1 and false in situation 2
p. 1 of 10, question sheet of the final exam