Applying the 4-S Framework to Address Adolescent Mental Health
The Department of Child and Adolescent Health and Development’s ‘4-S Framework’ for strengthening health sector responses to adolescent health and development provides a structure for initiatives to improve adolescent mental heath through:
- Gathering and using strategic information
- Developing supportive, evidence-informed policies
- Scaling up the provision and utilization of health services and commodities
- Strengthening action and linkages with other government sectors
By using mental health as an entry point for addressing young people's health, there is the opportunity for strengthening the response for related health problems of public health importance. This is because depression, anxiety and low self esteem can lead to excessive risk-taking behaviours which are often at the heart of problems such as STIs including HIV/AIDS, unwanted pregnancy, eating disorders, substance use and abuse, and accidents and injuries. Many of these problems are preventable and all are helped by psychosocial interventions.
1. Strategic Information
Our aim is to gather the best epidemiologic and programme monitoring data related to mental health problems in adolescents, analyse these and used them for policy formulation and strategy development. For this to happen, Ministries of Health need firstly to define a set of indicators in each of the following areas:
- Health outcomes: incidence and prevalence of key mental health problems in adolescents
- Behavioural data: risk behaviours that could contribute to mental health problems, and protective behaviours that could protect adolescents from them and their consequences
- Determinants: bio-psycho-social factors contributing to mental health problems
- Programmatic data: appropriateness of interventions, and their quality and coverage.
Secondly, Ministries of Health need to gather data, aggregated by age and sex, through established health information systems, surveys and studies. Finally, they have to analyse the data and apply these for advocacy, policy formulation and strategy development.
We will support Ministries of Health to select the most appropriate indicators, and data collection and analysis methods and tools. We will also support them in data analysis and its use for decision making.
2. Supportive Evidence Based Policies
Our aim is that national- mental health policies and strategies, or the mental health component of overall national health policies and strategies are guided by strategic information and sound evidence. Further our aim is that there are clear policy statements calling for actions by different sectors to promote mental health, prevent mental health problems and respond to them if they occur.
We will support Ministries of Health by reviewing their policy and strategy documents, and where appropriate helping them to strengthen these.
3. Services and Commodities
Our aim that is adolescents with mental health problems are identified in their communities and referred to primary level health facilities where they get the care and support they need. Those adolescents requiring specialized care have to be referred to secondary and tertiary level health facilities.
For this to happen, Ministries of Health need to put in place a continuum of services from the community, through the primary level to the referral level. At the community level, teachers, social workers and other non-health workers should be enabled to recognize problems and refer those adolescents who might need help to health services. At the primary level, health workers should detect mental health problems early and provide timely treatment and support including counselling, cognitive-behavioural therapy and where appropriate, psychotropic medication. At the referral level, a multi-disciplinary team should deal with the bio-psycho-social and rehabilitation needs of adolescents with serious mental health problems. One key emergency service that should be in place is care and support for adolescents who harm themselves or are at the risk of doing so.
We will support Ministries of Health by providing them training, self learning and desk reference tools for community members and health workers. We will also provide guidance on the WHO recommended essential medicines and supplies that are needed at the primary and referral levels, and on the referral networks that should be put in place.
4. Strengthening Other Sectors
Our aim is that other sectors support the efforts of the health sector to enable adolescents to obtain the mental health services they need, and in addition make the important complementary contributions that they need to, in order to promote mental health in adolescents, to prevent problems from arising, and to respond to mental health problems promptly, effectively and sensitively. For this to happen, Ministries of Health need to:
- engage and support other sectors- in particular the education, social welfare, media, employment and youth and sports sectors - to make the important contributions that they need to
- ensure that their actions are evidence based, carried out well, reach all adolescents and especially those who are most vulnerable, and are carried out collaboratively with other sectors
We will support Ministries of Health in defining the contributions that other sectors need to make, and in ensuring that their actions are evidence based. Here are some illustrative examples:
Setting / Sector / ActionsHome / Social welfare services /
- Educating parents to help them understand the emotional needs of adolescents and how to respond to these needs; the nature of mental health problems that might occur and how to respond to them as well as when and how to seek help.
- Supportingvulnerable adolescents and their families
School / School staff /
- Building individual assets such as self esteem and life skills.
- Discussing sexual health, injuries and violence and substance use, and promote healthy attitudes and behaviours.
- Making the school a safe environment (i.e. free from physical and emotional violence) and a supportive one (i.e. where students and staff feel valued and supported).
- Training teachers to detect adolescents who might need help, provide them with counselling support, and refer those who need medical help to health facilities.
- Working with social health services to identify and provide support to those adolescents living in difficult circumstances.
Community / Community leaders and members /
- Engaging and sensitizing community leaders and members to help create a caring and supportive environment for adolescents at risk of mental health problems, those with these problems and their families.
- Engaging and sensitizing community members to intervene when there is violence in homes and elsewhere in their communities.
- Training selected community members to detect and refer those adolescents who might need help to health services.
Media and new communication technologies / Media personnel /
- Disseminating information on factors contributing to mental health problems in adolescents, on effective ways to prevent mental health problems and respond to them when they occur, and on substance use and mental health problems.
- Preventing glamorization of suicides.
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