CONTENTS
Acknowledgement(v)
Preface (vi)
Chapter 1INTRODUCTION TO ENGINEERING SURVEY1
Basics of Surveying 1
Importance of Surveying 2
Objectives of Surveying2
Divisions of Surveying 2
Classifications of Surveying3
Principles of Surveying 4
Mapping Fundamentals6
Rectangular Coordinates 9
Overview of Land Surveying and Map making 9
Topographic Map11
Summary 14
Glossary 14
Exercise 115
Chapter 2 SURVEYING MEASUREMENTS AND ERRORS17
Significant figures of measurements17
Rounding off numbers19
Errors in surveyingmeasurements20
Sources of errors in surveying measurement 21
Types of errors21
Propagation of Error23
Reliability of measurements25
Quality of measurement 27
Summary 31
Glossary 32
Exercise 233
Chapter 3 MEASUREMENT OF HORIZONTAL DISTANCE35
Methods of measurement of distance35
Direct measurement35
Errors in measurement of distance41
Optical distance measurement 49
Electronic Measurement of Distance 49
Summary 59
Glossary59
Exercis3
Chapter 4 MEASUREMENT OF VERTICAL DISTANCE61
Instruments61
Level 61
Leveling Staff 72
Basic Principle of leveling73
Methods of leveling73
Differential leveling 73
Profile leveling78
Reciprocal Leveling83
Trigonometric leveling85
Level net87
Errors in leveling 87
Error propagation in leveling 91
Mistakes in leveling91
Precaution in leveling91
Summary 92
Glossary 92
Exercise 493
Chapter 5 REPRESENTATION OF VERTICAL DISTANCE94
Contours 99
Fundamental Definitions 99
Choice of contour interval100
Characteristics of Contour 101
Contouring 103
Engineering applications of Contours107
Summary 112
Glossary 112
Exercise 5 113
Chapter 6 RELATIVE DIRECTION OF LINE117
Fundamental Definitions 117
Instrument126
Vernier Theodolite126
Parts of a Vernier Theodolite 126
Temporary Adjustment of a Theodolite130
Fundamental lines of a vernier Thedolite131
Measurement of Direction using Theodolite136
Measurement of Horizontal Angle 136
Measurement of Vertical Angle 140
Errors in Measurement of Angle141
Mistakes in Theodolite Observation144
Digital Theodolite 144
Total Station145
Summary 145
Glossary 146
Exercise 6147
Chapter 7 SIMULTANEOUS MEASUREMENT OF HORIZONTAL DISTANCE AND VERTICAL ELEVATION 151 151
Tacheometry151
Systems of Tacheometric Measurements152
Stadia Systems 152
Non-Stadia Systems 157
Tangential Method 157
Summary 160
Glossary 160
Exercise 7160
Chapter 8 MEASUREMENT OF ABSOLUTE DIRECTION 163
Astronomical Terms and Definitions 163
Astronomical triangle 166
Azimuth of a Line 170
Errors and Correction
Determination of the altitude of the sun 177
Summary 180
Glossary 180
Exercise 8180
APPENDIX 8A183
Chapter 9 CONTROL SURVEY 187
Traverse 187
Traverse Surveying 189
Traverse Computations200
Adjustment of Traverse 204
Determination of Corrected Distances and Azimuth208
Co-ordinate Computation209
Gale's Traverse Table 211 Omitted Measurements 212
Plotting a Traverse Survey216
Summary 219
Glossary 219
Exercise 9220
Chapter 10 LOCATION OF DETAILS225
Instruments in Plane tabling226
Basic Principle of Plane Table Surveying 230
Setting of Instruments 230
Temporary adjustment of Plane Table 231
Orientation of Plane Table232
Methods of Plane Table Surveying232 Radiation Method 232
Intersection Method232
Traversing234
Resection236
Errors in Plane Table Surveying 241
Practical Hints for Plane Table surveying242
Summary 243
Glossary 243
Exercise 10 244
REFERENCES