Introduction - Referencing Guide 2000
2nd Edition
North Coast Institute of TAFE - Kempsey Campus 38
Table of Contents – Referencing Guide 2004
Table of Contents
1 Introduction 4
1.1 What is referencing? 4 Why reference?
1.2 What should be referenced? 5 What is plagiarism?
1.3 What is the difference between a Bibliography and a List of References? 6
1.4 How are direct quotations used? 6
How much can I quote?
How do I set out a quote?
1.5 How do I reference fully?...... 7
What if a source type I have used isn’t listed in this
guide?
2 compiling the Bibliography 9
2.1 Published Printed Works 10
2.1.1 Books by a single author 10
2.1.2 Books by multiple authors 10
2.1.3 Edited books 10
2.1.3.1 Translated work
2.1.3.2 Compiled work
2.1.4 Periodicals 11
2.1.5 Newspaper articles 12
2.1.5.1 Author known
2.1.5.2 Author unknown
2.1.6 Sponsored works (eg company reports, brochures)…………………………………………………..12
2.1.6.1 Author known
2.1.6.2 Author unknown
2.1.7 Literary works……………………………………………12
2.1.7.1 Novels
2.1.7.2 Plays
2.1.7.3 Poems
2.2 Personal Communications (eg interviews)…….. 13
2.3 Class Handouts and Study Materials 13
2.3.1 Study booklets………………………………………….13
2.3.2 Handouts where no reference details are available.13
2.3.3 Handouts written by class teacher 14
2.4 TV Programs, Motion Pictures and Videos 14
2.5 Online and Electronic Material (eg CDs) 15
2.5.1 Internet Sources 17
2.5.1.1 Author known
2.5.1.2 Author unknown
2.5.1.3 Author is unknown but the source
organisation is known
2.5.1.4 Online forums
2.5.2 A web based data base………………………………18
2.5.3 A CD-ROM Database 18
2.5.3.1 Article - Author known
2.5.3.2 Article - Author unknown
2.5.3.3 Author is unknown but the sponsoring
organisation is known
2.5.3.4 Entire CD-ROM
2.6 Tricky Situations…………………………………...... 19
2.6.1 Referring to multiple works 19
2.6.2 Different authors with the same surname
2.6.3 Same author; same year……………………...... 20
2.6.4 When one author refers to another……..… 20
2. 6.4.1 Quotations
2. 6.4.2 Secondary referencing
2.6.5 Work with no publication date 20
2.6.6 Work with an approximate publication date
2.6.7 Work with an uncertain publication date 21
2.6.8 An anonymous work……………………………….. 21
3 In-Text Referencing 22
3.1 Published Printed Works 22
3.1.1 Books by a single author 23
3.1.2 A book written by multiple authors 23
3.1.3 Edited books 24
3.1.3.1 Translated work
3.1.3.2 Compiled work
3.1.4 Periodicals 25
3.1.5 Newspapers 25
3.1.5.1 Author known
3.1.5.2 Author unknown
3.1.6 Sponsored works (eg company reports, brochures)……………………………………………….….26
3.1.6.1 Author known
3.1.6.2 Author unknown
3.1.7 Literary Works…………………………………………..27
3.1.7.1 Novels
3.1.7.2 Plays
3.1.7.3 Poems
3.2 Personal Communications (eg interviews)……...28
3.3 Class Handouts and Study Materials 29
3.3.1 Study booklets………………………………………….29
3.3.2 Handouts where no reference details are available.29 3.3.3 Handouts written by class teacher 30
3.4 TV Programs, Motion Pictures and Videos 30
3.5 Online and Electronic Material (eg CDs) 31
3.5.1 Internet Sources 31
3.5.1.1 Author known
3.5.1.2 Author unknown
3.5.1.3 Author is unknown but the source
organisation is known
3.5.1.4 Online forums
3.5.2 A web-based data base………………………………32
3.5.3 A CD-ROM Database 33
3.5.3.1 Article - Author known
3.5.3.2 Article - Author unknown
3.5.3.3 Author is unknown but the sponsoring
organisation is known
3.5.3.4 Entire CD-ROM
3.6 Tricky Situations…………………………………………………….33
3.6.1 Referring to multiple works 33
3.6.2 Different authors with the same surname 34
3.6.3 Same author; same year…………………………..34
3.6.4 When one author refers to another………...34
3. 6.4.1 Quotations
3. 6.4.2 Secondary referencing
3.6.5 Work with no publication date 35
3.6.6 Work with an approximate publication date
3.6.7 Work with an uncertain publication date 35
3.6.8 An anonymous work ………………………………..36
4 Now it’s your turn to practise!! 37
Bibliography 38
North Coast Institute of TAFE - Kempsey Campus 38
Introduction – Referencing Guide 2004
1. Introduction
This guide shows you how to reference the many types of sources that you will use when you do research as part of your studies at Kempsey Campus.
There are many ways to research and gather the information you will need for your academic writing. This guide will use examples from a wide variety of sources to help explain correct referencing.
Your research will be presented mainly in the form of an essay or a report. When writing your essays and reports, use this guide to assist you to reference your sources
· ‘in-text’ (ie inside the paragraphs of your essay or report) and
· in the ‘bibliography’ that must be attached at the back.
It is important to note that you are required to reference in both these ways ie in the text of your essay/report and also at the end, on a separate page - known as a Bibliography.
If you are in doubt about correct referencing for any task, ask your subject teacher, that is, the person who has set the assignment.
1.1 What is referencing?
Academic referencing is a systematic way of acknowledging the sources of information in academic writing.
There is no one universally correct way to reference. However, there are several referencing styles which have been developed. Different academic institutions, and faculties within those institutions, have guidelines for referencing style which students are expected to follow.
The system you will use as a student at Kempsey Campus of TAFE is based on the Harvard Referencing System (also known as the ‘author-date’ system). Remember, if you study at other academic institutions, you will need to find out, and follow, the referencing style and conventions that are required by that particular institution or faculty.
Why reference?
Academic writing is broadly based on the concept of developing an argument. This is usually done by reading widely on the particular topic, critically evaluating what you have read, and finally, presenting your argument in the form of an essay or report.
There are differences in style and structure between essays and reports, and these differences will be explained by your teachers. However, both essays and reports do require referencing.
This referencing
· demonstrates that you have researched and considered the ideas of others in presenting your argument
· prevents you from ‘plagiarising’, which can lead to an automatic ‘Fail’ result (see 1.2 below).
1.2 What should be referenced?
· General knowledge and information that the general public could be assumed to know does not require referencing.
For example:
‘The human immune system fights infections’.
· However, information that the general public would have to research to learn about does need to be referenced.
An example would be the information that:
‘Neutrophils fight infections by phagocytosing bacteria’.
· Also, information that is contentious (arguable or an opinion rather than a fact) should also be referenced
eg ‘Garlic is effective in fighting against viral infections’.
What is plagiarism?
Plagiarism is the action or practice of taking and using someone else’s thoughts, ideas or writings as if they were your own. It is, really, a form of stealing – it’s just that what is being ‘taken’ is intellectual (ideas), not material or physical.
All academic institutions regard plagiarism as a serious breach of ethics and students are strongly advised to be diligent in acknowledging their sources of information. Referencing is the way in which we acknowledge that we have been informed by the work of others. Thorough referencing prevents plagiarism.
1.3 What is the difference between a
Bibliography and a List of References?
A bibliography lists both textual references and other works which may have informed your thinking but which you did not explicitly cite (meaning, ’refer to’) in the text of your essay or report. A bibliography is comprehensive, as it lists all the reading you did, including background reading.
A list of references, on the other hand, contains only the works you have cited in the text of your essay/report.
In some academic institutions/faculties you may be required to include a List of References instead of a Bibliography.
At Kempsey Campus, in the General Education Faculty, you are required to submit a Bibliography.
1.4 How are direct quotations used?
How much can I quote?
Direct quotes (word for word) should be kept to a minimum (no more than 10% of the essay).
Avoid making your essay/report just a chain of quotes, as this does not show any evidence that you have understood or critically evaluated what you have read. (Your subject teacher will show you how to critically evaluate).
How do I set out a quote?
Occasionally, though, you may wish to use a direct quote. If the quotation is short – less than about thirty words – it should be contained within the text inside single quotation marks.
For example:
Marriage in Australian society may be characterised by a sense of partnership, while, at the same time, providing the opportunity for individual growth. This philosophy was perhaps best expressed by the poet Gibran (1923 p.37) who said ‘Love one another but make not a bond of love’.
Longer quotations should be set out as separate passages without quotation marks. The passage should be indented and typed in a smaller font or narrower line spacing than the rest of your text.
For example:
Marriage in Australian society may be characterised by a sense of partnership while at the same time, providing the opportunity for individual growth. This philosophy was perhaps best expressed by the poet Gibran (1923 pp.37-38)
Love one another, but make not a bond of love, rather, let it be a moving sea between
the shores of your souls. Fill each other’s cup, but drink not from the same cup. Sing
and dance together and be merry, but let each one of you be alone, as the strings of the lute are alone, though they quiver with the same music.
1.5 How do I reference fully?
The easiest way to approach referencing is to prepare for it from the moment you begin your research. This preparation will save you rushing around madly the day before your essay or report is due, trying to find your sources again so that you can complete your bibliography.
Do the following 2 things and you will never find yourself in this situation:
1 As soon as you find a source, list the details that you’ll need for the bibliography. Check the relevant part of Section 2 to see what you’ll need to include.
For instance, if you are using a book by a single author, look up Section 2.1.1. It shows that you will need the publishing information (name of publisher, place & date of publication, edition/volume number if there is one) as well as the author’s surname and initials and the title of the book. So be sure to take note of this before you return books to libraries etc.
2 Keep a record of the author, date and page number as you
are reading and taking your notes.
One method of doing this is by taking notes under the following
headings:
Who Said? What ? When? Page Number
So, if you had read a book by Robert Cook published in 1997 that stated on page 67 that 95% of teenagers aged between 13-18 years used marijuana at least once per week, your notes might look like this:
Who Said? What? When? Page Number
Cook, R 95%13-18 years 1997 67
Marij. at least 1 per week
The two essential types of referencing that you will use are:
· In-Text
· The Bibliography (presented at the end of your essay or report on a separate page).
The remainder of this booklet takes a more detailed look at both in-text and bibliographical referencing.
· For compiling the bibliography refer to Section 2.
· For referencing in-text refer to Section 3.
v Note that the item numbers are cross-matched between Sections 2 and 3.
What if a source type I have used isn’t listed in this guide?
If you come upon a source type that is not listed here (eg an Act of Parliament), ask a teacher for help – or use some of the sources we used to compile this guide. You will find them listed in the bibliography at the back.
North Coast Institute of TAFE - Kempsey Campus 38
Section 2 – Compiling the Bibliography - Referencing Guide 2004
2 Compiling the Bibliography
At the end of your assignment you will need to start a separate page and put the heading: Bibliography
This is where you provide complete details about the sources that you have used in your assignment. The bibliography should provide enough specific details to allow your reader to physically access the same source that you have used. It should also follow the conventions of a recognised system. The system described here is the Harvard system.
SIMPLE SAMPLE:
Here is an example of a simple bibliography where all the items are books, so they are set out as explained in Section 2.1. You will find a longer example at the back – it’s the bibliography showing the research that was done to compile this Reference Guide.
Notice how the second line of any long entry is indented – this helps the reader scan the list.
Bibliography
Brown, D.J. 1993, Contemporary Australian Health, Melbourne University Press,
Melbourne.
Brown, P.L., Jones, W.T. & Barrow, L.N. 1996, Television Violence, Bridge, Sydney.
Brown, S.W. (ed) 1991, Beating the Big C, Random House, Sydney.
Freud, S. 1933, Interpretation of Dreams, Norton Press, New York.
Harris, J. 1998, The Nurture Assumption, The Free Press, New York.
Jung, C.G. 1923, Awakening the Shadow, Brown Publishing, New York.
Zimbardo, P.G. 1992, Psychology and Life, 13th Edition, Harper Collins, New York.