Table S1. Effects of defoliation treatments on traits related to plant clonal performance. Treatment as single factor was tested by ANOVAs for number of ramets and RGR. Treatment as main factor and final biomass as covariate were tested by ANCOVAs for ramet biomass (data log-transformed). ns p>0.05,* p<0.05, ** p<0.01, *** p<0.001. Letters indicate significant differences between treatments (post-hoc Tukey’s tests). C: control, M: moderate, S: severe treatments. Abbreviations of species follow Table 2.

mean ± sd / factors
treatment C / treatment M / treatment S / treatment / final biomass
A – Number of ramets
Asto / 88.0 ± 50.6 / 59.8 ± 28.2 / 87.9 ± 33.7 / F230 = 1.94 ns
Cdiv / 5.1 ± 1.7 / 4.6 ± 1.6 / 4.1 ± 2.2 / F227 = 0.73 ns
Epal / 23.3 ± 18.2a / 10.6 ± 5.6b / 6.6 ± 5.2b / F228 = 6.88 **
Erep / 21.3 ± 6.1 / 17.1 ± 12.6 / 17.4 ± 8.2 / F230 = 0.99 ns
Gflu / 31.9 ± 10.8a / 16.3 ± 4.9b / 24.8 ± 8.5ab / F229 = 8.78 **
Jart / 22.6 ± 11.1 / 21.2 ± 10.0 / 21.3 ± 11.6 / F228 = 0.00 ns
Jger / 5.8 ± 3.8 / 4.8 ± 2.0 / 3.6 ± 2.4 / F225 = 1.40 ns
Rrep / 10.6 ± 6.2 / 9.4 ± 5.4 / 13.6 ± 4.1 / F227 = 1.65 ns
Tfra / 38.3 ± 11.0a / 28.7 ± 7.1ab / 23.5 ± 10.8b / F229 = 6.16 **
Trep / 19.4 ± 8.4 / 28.2 ± 8.8 / 23.8 ± 9.0 / F228 = 2.82 ns
B – Relative Growth Rate (RGR)
Asto / 0.057 ± 0.004a / 0.049 ± 0.005b / 0.049 ± 0.006b / F230 = 10.26 ***
Cdiv / 0.026 ± 0.005a / 0.020 ± 0.007ab / 0.016 ± 0.007b / F227 = 7.11 **
Epal / 0.024 ± 0.004a / 0.019 ± 0.004b / 0.016 ± 0.003b / F228 = 15.36 ***
Erep / 0.049 ± 0.004a / 0.038 ± 0.008b / 0.038 ± 0.007b / F230 = 10.59 ***
Gflu / 0.041 ± 0.005a / 0.029 ± 0.004b / 0.028 ± 0.006b / F229 = 20.97 ***
Jart / 0.042 ± 0.007 / 0.037 ± 0.005 / 0.037 ± 0.005 / F228 = 3.25 ns
Jger / 0.030 ± 0.008 / 0.026 ± 0.007 / 0.024 ± 0.009 / F225 = 1.43 ns
Rrep / 0.037 ± 0.005a / 0.033 ± 0.005ab / 0.030 ± 0.004b / F227 = 6.19 **
Tfra / 0.060 ± 0.004a / 0.056 ± 0.003a / 0.049 ± 0.005b / F229 = 19.64 ***
Trep / 0.059 ± 0.003a / 0.056 ± 0.005ab / 0.052 ± 0.005b / F228 = 6.32 **
C – Above-ground biomass of ramets (g)
Asto / 2.24 ± 0.93 / 0.93 ± 0.47 / 0.69 ± 0.28 / F229 = 0.41 ns / F129 = 53.32 ***
Cdiv / 0.77 ± 0.36 / 0.43 ± 0.13 / 0.30 ± 0.10 / F226 = 0.20 ns / F126 = 115.09 ***
Epal / 1.23 ± 0.52 / 0.64 ± 0.28 / 0.39 ± 0.22 / F227 = 0.08 ns / F127 = 230.90 ***
Erep / 2.83 ± 1.07 / 1.01 ± 0.59 / 0.59 ± 0.24 / F229 = 0.63 ns / F129 = 367.28 ***
Gflu / 2.46 ± 0.10 / 0.81 ± 0.24 / 0.74 ± 0.18 / F228 = 0.20 ns / F128 = 25.56 ***
Jart / 1.66 ± 0.82 / 0.10 ± 0.47 / 0.73 ± 0.22 / F227 = 1.45 ns / F127 = 397.68 ***
Jger / 0.33 ± 0.18 / 0.22 ± 0.15 / 0.17 ± 0.06 / F224 = 0.72 ns / F124 = 144.26 ***
Rrep / 3.43 ± 1.46 / 1.60 ± 0.88 / 1.23 ± 0.46 / F226 = 1.17 ns / F126 = 71.37 ***
Tfra / 0.21 ± 0.08 / 0.13 ± 0.05 / 0.11 ± 0.08 / F228 = 1.97 ns / F128 = 3.42 ns
Trep / 0.09 ± 0.05b / 0.14 ± 0.04a / 0.10 ± 0.05a / F227 = 8.29 ** / F127 = 12.42 **