Appendix. Information on Ecological Variables of Pairs of Closely Related Urban and Rural

Appendix. Information on ecological variables of pairs of closely related urban and rural species of Western Palearctic breeding birds. Urban (0 – has not successfully colonized urban environments, 1 – has not successfully colonized urban environments), dispersal distance (distance to nearest mainland (km)), number of subspecies, number of feeding innovations, research effort (number of publications on Web of Science), mean rural flight distance (m), mass of bursa of Fabricius (g), annual fecundity, residual force required to remove feathers from the rump, adult survival rate, total breeding distribution range (km2), breeding distribution range in the Western Palearctic (km2), breeding population size in the Western Palearctic (pairs), and body mass (g). See Materials and methods for sources

Species / Urban / Distance to mainland (km) / Number of subspecies / No. feeding innovations / Research effort / Rural flight distance (km) / Mass of bursa of Fabricius (g) / Annual fecundity
Anas crecca / 0 / 400 / 3 / . / . / 25.00 / 0.32 / 9.51
Anas platyrhynchos / 1 / 2730 / 7 / . / . / 27.59 / 0.27 / 9.59
Anser brachyrhynchos / 0 / 290 / 1 / . / . / . / . / 4.40
Anser anser / 1 / 400 / 2 / . / . / . / . / 5.90
Picus canus / 0 / 120 / 13 / . / . / . / . / 8.00
Picus viridis / 1 / 100 / 4 / . / . / 17.12 / 0.20 / 6.10
Dendrocopos medius / 0 / 0 / 4 / . / . / . / . / 5.64
Dendrocopos major / 1 / 75 / 26 / . / . / 12.77 / 0.07 / 5.50
Asio otus / 0 / 1360 / 6 / . / . / . / 0.14 / 8.30
Otus scops / 1 / 80 / 6 / . / . / . / . / 4.50
Strix uralensis / 0 / 23 / 10 / . / . / . / . / 2.80
Strix aluco / 1 / 120 / 11 / . / . / . / 0.44 / 2.70
Columba oenas / 0 / 50 / 2 / . / . / . / . / 9.20
Columba livia / 1 / 1360 / 9 / . / . / 14.00 / 0.20 / 9.66
Streptopelia turtur / 0 / 75 / 4 / . / . / . / . / 5.70
Streptopelia decaocto / 1 / 275 / 4 / . / . / 19.44 / . / 11.83
Ardea purpurea / 0 / 380 / 4 / . / . / . / . / 4.50
Ardea cinerea / 1 / 380 / 4 / . / . / 66.67 / 1.66 / 7.91
Ciconia nigra / 0 / 10 / 1 / . / . / . / . / 3.20
Ciconia ciconia / 1 / 10 / 3 / . / . / . / . / 4.00
Falco rusticolus / 0 / 400 / 1 / . / . / . / . / 3.53
Falco peregrinus / 1 / 380 / 15 / . / . / . / . / 3.40
Fulica atra / 0 / 1500 / 4 / . / . / 18.57 / . / 14.93
Gallinula chloropus / 1 / 1000 / 12 / . / . / 20.00 / 0.14 / 19.72
Recurvirostra avosetta / 0 / 50 / 1 / . / . / . / . / 3.90
Haematopus ostralegus / 1 / 400 / 3 / . / . / . / . / 2.78
Larus fuscus / 0 / 400 / 5 / . / . / 25.00 / . / 2.71
Larus argentatus / 1 / 1360 / 3 / . / . / . / 0.86 / 3.00
Corvus corax / 0 / 390 / 9 / 8 / 118 / 74.00 / 1.81 / 4.50
Corvus frugilegus / 1 / 50 / 2 / 9 / 54 / 36.66 / 0.76 / 4.45
Corvus corone / 0 / 60 / 6 / 32 / 119 / 36.23 / 0.66 / 4.10
Corvus monedula / 1 / 60 / 4 / 4 / 59 / 30.18 / . / 4.40
Garrulus glandarius / 0 / 60 / 43 / 7 / 42 / 16.68 / 0.28 / 4.80
Pica pica / 1 / 130 / 12 / 18 / 225 / 43.77 / 0.47 / 5.90
Turdus torquatus / 0 / 40 / 3 / . / . / . / 0.13 / 8.20
Turdus merula / 1 / 1360 / 15 / 26 / 238 / 15.55 / 0.24 / 15.49
Phoenicurus phoenicurus / 0 / 40 / 2 / . / . / 10.67 / 0.02 / 12.08
Phoenicurus ochruros / 1 / 40 / 7 / 1 / 23 / 7.00 / . / 14.69
Ficedula albicollis / 0 / 60 / 1 / 1 / 162 / . / . / 5.79
Ficedula hypoleuca / 1 / 40 / 4 / 3 / 680 / 5.39 / . / 7.45
Sturnus roseus / 0 / 0 / 1 / . / . / . / . / 9.40
Sturnus vulgaris / 1 / 1360 / 12 / 14 / 1071 / 19.53 / 0.12 / 10.79
Sylvia borin / 0 / 40 / 2 / . / . / 6.13 / 0.02 / 8.05
Sylvia atricapilla / 1 / 1360 / 5 / 9 / 163 / 7.01 / 0.04 / 9.29
Sylvia communis / 0 / 40 / 4 / 2 / 38 / 7.95 / 0.02 / 9.27
Sylvia curruca / 1 / 40 / 9 / 1 / 5 / 4.72 / 0.03 / 9.55
Hippolais polyglotta / 0 / 60 / 1 / 1 / 8 / . / . / 8.67
Hippolais icterina / 1 / 60 / 1 / . / . / 8.39 / 0.02 / 5.04
Phylloscopus trochilus / 0 / 40 / 3 / 1 / 118 / 8.80 / 0.01 / 12.39
Phylloscopus collybita / 1 / 110 / 6 / 7 / 56 / 7.58 / 0.01 / 10.99
Hirundo daurica / 0 / 80 / 11 / . / . / . / . / 12.39
Delichon urbica / 1 / 130 / 5 / 7 / 84 / 6.35 / . / 8.20
Ptyonoprogne rupestris / 0 / 80 / 1 / . / . / . / . / 6.40
Hirundo rustica / 1 / 130 / 6 / 12 / 535 / 10.20 / 0.03 / 13.21
Parus palustris / 0 / 40 / 16 / 3 / 89 / 7.47 / . / 16.03
Parus major / 1 / 130 / 31 / 14 / 1086 / 6.70 / 0.03 / 21.83
Parus cyaneus / 0 / 0 / 8 / . / . / . / . / 20.00
Sitta europaea / 1 / 130 / 22 / 1 / 88 / 7.63 / 0.03 / 7.10
Troglodytes troglodytes / 0 / 390 / 42 / 1 / 111 / 7.19 / 0.05 / 11.40
Parus caeruleus / 1 / 110 / 15 / 11 / 294 / 6.46 / 0.03 / 23.50
Motacilla flava / 0 / 60 / 18 / 1 / 23 / 9.70 / 0.03 / 10.40
Motacilla alba / 1 / 390 / 11 / 9 / 34 / 12.24 / 0.05 / 15.31
Prunella collaris / 0 / 130 / 11 / . / . / . / . / 7.00
Prunella modularis / 1 / 40 / 7 / 5 / 162 / 7.48 / 0.04 / 15.31
Alauda arvensis / 0 / 310 / 15 / 3 / 117 / 13.92 / 0.05 / 14.76
Galerida cristata / 1 / 60 / 48 / . / . / 6.72 / . / 11.69
Passer hispaniolensis / 0 / 240 / 2 / . / . / . / 0.04 / 8.59
Passer domesticus / 1 / 60 / 12 / 17 / 573 / 9.00 / 0.04 / 16.00
Carduelis flavirostris / 0 / 60 / 11 / 1 / 5 / . / . / 11.75
Carduelis cannabina / 1 / 110 / 7 / 2 / 23 / 13.90 / 0.04 / 13.21
Carduelis flammea / 0 / 390 / 3 / 3 / 25 / 4.62 / 0.02 / 10.00
Carduelis chloris / 1 / 1360 / 10 / 7 / 80 / 8.01 / 0.02 / 9.66
Serinus citrinella / 0 / 60 / 2 / . / . / . / . / 9.20
Serinus serinus / 1 / 110 / 1 / . / . / 6.06 / . / 8.00
Pyrrhula pyrrhula / 0 / 40 / 10 / 5 / 27 / 8.90 / 0.02 / 14.00
Coccothraustes coccothraustes / 1 / 40 / 5 / 3 / 9 / 8.60 / 0.06 / 4.60
Fringilla montifringilla / 0 / 10 / 1 / 2 / 28 / . / . / 11.59
Fringilla coelebs / 1 / 1360 / 17 / 7 / 157 / 11.58 / 0.04 / 8.59
Residual force required to remove feathers from rump / Adult survival rate / Breeding distribution range (km2) / Western Palearctic breeding distribution range (km2) / Breeding population size (/1000) / Body mass (g)
-0.05 / 0.46 / 51485168 / 21256084 / 1060 / 286.50
. / 0.52 / 70876359 / 22392575 / 4200 / 1119.00
. / 0.74 / 3111481 / 2891825 / 60 / 2343.50
. / 0.77 / 51496171 / 22235991 / 155 / 3464.50
. / . / 102686392 / 14645723 / 250 / 136.50
-0.03 / . / 15764792 / 15594026 / 945 / 193.50
. / . / 14754777 / 11961770 / 225 / 59.00
-0.26 / . / 79065128 / 19513932 / 15000 / 89.65
-0.18 / 0.69 / 57054530 / 20857812 / 595 / 255.50
. / . / 31441098 / 13991794 / 325 / 90.50
. / . / 41750956 / 12539245 / 96 / 730.00
. / 0.524 / 55876079 / 16474025 / 740 / 491.00
. / 0.55 / 31125952 / 16474025 / 625 / 314.50
0.08 / 0.665 / 102111594 / 22011569 / 12150 / 261.00
. / 0.5 / 49092131 / 17895086 / 5350 / 136.50
0.10 / 0.61 / 84393908 / 18103545 / 7850 / 201.50
. / . / 61038243 / 13298311 / 36 / 873.75
. / 0.69 / 108370772 / 19718995 / 250 / 1433.00
. / . / 56955930 / 15250534 / 10 / 3000.00
. / 0.79 / 38978214 / 14362291 / 200 / 3448.00
. / . / 49680402 / 8063296 / 2 / 1425.00
. / 0.75 / 50141360 / 23278713 / 18 / 889.25
. / 0.765 / 69071577 / 20439356 / 1800 / 732.50
. / . / 107603464 / 82850373 / 1300 / 348.50
. / 0.718 / 136890066 / 14579449 / 48 / 282.00
. / 0.841 / 46951330 / 20998321 / 375 / 531.00
. / . / 30475763 / 18673625 / 325 / 817.50
. / 0.935 / 31784362 / 12397288 / 1525 / 895.00
. / . / 116351764 / 24716373 / 710 / 1200.55
0.09 / 0.62 / 47448563 / 16762117 / 14000 / 453.50
-0.01 / 0.736 / 57070552 / 18650578 / 12000 / 544.50
0.07 / 0.65 / 31652899 / 17130066 / 10100 / 249.00
-0.17 / 0.59 / 70688189 / 17963092 / 9500 / 161.70
-0.11 / 0.69 / 125873841 / 19417780 / 13250 / 228.00
-0.01 / . / 17793028 / 17540215 / 490 / 117.00
0.07 / 0.56 / 90485137 / 22419730 / 61000 / 95.85
0.06 / 0.38 / 39333278 / 18043482 / 11400 / 15.90
. / 0.553 / 35108160 / 14506612 / 6400 / 16.00
. / 0.45 / 7661786 / 7661786 / 1900 / 13.40
. / 0.499 / 31222685 / 17937280 / 16000 / 14.35
. / . / 11585863 / 6644642 / 134 / 73.25
-0.01 / 0.47 / 57229673 / 21868439 / 39500 / 80.50
-0.03 / 0.457 / 24656982 / 16642795 / 24000 / 19.05
0.05 / 0.46 / 49144423 / 22047377 / 37000 / 18.85
0.11 / . / 34153491 / 18087278 / 19500 / 14.50
. / 0.458 / 44818321 / 16741079 / 6300 / 12.40
. / . / 5102647 / 3902697 / 2000 / 11.45
-0.03 / 0.348 / 21131336 / 14133265 / 5300 / 13.30
. / 0.327 / 34702775 / 13133242 / 78000 / 9.35
-0.01 / . / 57078465 / 20356151 / 45445 / 7.70
. / . / 123066917 / 13618406 / 265 / 22.25
-0.06 / 0.43 / 86520645 / 18408794 / 16950 / 19.55
. / . / 50741090 / 9448796 / 245 / 20.55
0.10 / 0.37 / 79406476 / 18423470 / 26000 / 19.10
0.04 / . / 60477603 / 15958623 / 4500 / 11.90
-0.01 / 0.486 / 124262164 / 18706806 / 68500 / 18.50
. / . / 22366148 / 5525754 / 7 / 12.55
-0.23 / 0.43 / 95378950 / 16995436 / 13250 / 23.90
-0.06 / 0.37 / 85810285 / 21608446 / 31500 / 8.90
-0.07 / 0.416 / 22374181 / 18836186 / 32000 / 11.75
. / . / 95983445 / 20154247 / 10950 / 17.45
0.06 / 0.52 / 102073545 / 22419730 / 19500 / 20.75
. / 0.508 / 43136324 / 12973326 / 140 / 42.25
. / 0.49 / 18168515 / 17187814 / 19000 / 18.95
0.03 / 0.665 / 52936591 / 18626661 / 60000 / 36.40
. / . / 83319431 / 14667779 / 5600 / 44.65
. / 0.46 / 36844161 / 8602482 / 4500 / 26.60
-0.05 / 0.55 / 92054602 / 19222361 / 96500 / 30.35
. / . / 42733807 / 18673075 / 465 / 16.10
. / 0.34 / 35387965 / 18741687 / 19000 / 18.95
-0.01 / 0.425 / 38772112 / 13525065 / 13900 / 13.05
0.04 / 0.43 / 35684367 / 22122015 / 23000 / 27.65
. / 0.54 / 1979731 / 1979731 / 337 / 12.75
. / 0.603 / 17598255 / 12823702 / 14150 / 11.95
-0.11 / 0.445 / 48033841 / 18402914 / 10650 / 31.05
. / . / 46328895 / 15350033 / 3300 / 54.70
0.01 / . / 21206352 / 7076888 / 17500 / 22.65
0.06 / 0.64 / 45934099 / 22446774 / 185000 / 24.20