Major Movements and Events in US History Before World War II

Major Movements and Events in US History before World War II

The First Two Political Parties Form

Federalists / Democratic Republicans
Leader: Alexander Hamilton / Leader: Thomas Jefferson
Philosophy: Strong National Government / Philosophy: StrongState Governments
Constitutional Ideas: Loose Constructionist / Constitutional Ideas: Strict Constructionist

Election of 1800

(First Peaceful Transfer of Power Between Parties)

John Adams

Candidates Thomas Jefferson Alexander Hamilton

Tie in the Electoral College sways election in

Aaron Burr favor of Jefferson

Equation for the Monroe Doctrine

Nonintervention + Noncolonization = US Foreign Policy

Manifest Destiny Begins

New Political Parties

National Republicans / Jacksonian Democrats
Strong National Government / StrongState Governments
National Bank / No National Bank
Support Internal Improvements / Against Internal Improvements

The American System

(Developed by Henry Clay)

Three Parts / Overall Purpose
1. Internal Improvements (Transportation) / Connect North, South, and West to make America economically independent of Europe
2. Protective Tariff (Buy Made in USA)
3. National Bank

Election of 1824

(The Corrupt Bargain)

Henry Clay

Candidates John Quincy Adams Henry Clay

Tie in the Electoral College sways election in

Andrew Jackson favor of Adams in

Exchange for Secretary of State position

______

Reform Movements of the Early 1800s

Movement / Leaders / Purpose
Religious Reform / Charles Finney
Joseph Smith / To bring traditional Christian values back to America
Transcendentalists / Ralph Waldo Emerson
Henry David Thoreau / To focus on the individual and self reliance
Temperance Movement / American Temperance Society / Movement to eliminate the consumption of alcohol
Public Education / Horace Mann / Improve public schools and make them available to all
Prison Reform / Dorothea Dix / To improve prison conditions for the mentally ill
Utopian Communities / New Harmony
Brook Farm
Oneida Community
Shakers / Created a cooperative and communistic lifestyle
Abolition Movement / Frederick Douglas
Sojourner Truth
Harriet Tubman
William Lloyd Garrison / Movement to ban slavery
Women’s Rights Movement / Elizabeth Cady Stanton
Lucretia Mott
Susan B. Anthony / Obtain the right to vote for women
Writers / WashingtonIrving
James Fennimore Cooper
Edgar Allan Poe
Nathanial Hawthorne / Gain recognition for America as a literary arena, using American themes in writing
Artists / Hudson RiverSchool of Art / Focused on the beauty of American landscapes

Inventions of the Early 1800s

Invention / Inventor
Textile Mill / Samuel Slater
Cotton Gin / Eli Whitney
Interchangeable Parts / Eli Whitney
Steamboat / Robert Fulton
Telegraph / Samuel Morse
Mechanical Reaper / Cyrus McCormick
Steel Plow / John Deere
Erie Canal / New York Innovators

North versus South

Category / North / South
Type of Economy / Industrial / Agriculture
Rural or Urban / Urban / Rural
Living Conditions / Tenements / Small Farms/Plantations
Workers / Immigrants, Women, and Children / Slaves
Workplace Problems / Low Wages, Long Hours, Bad Conditions / Harsh Owners, Long Hours, Bad Conditions
Ways to Deal With Workplace Problems / Strikes, Collective Bargaining / Slave Revolts

Short Term Causes of the Civil War

1) Wilmot Proviso Ban slavery in all territory acquired from Mexico

2) Compromise of 1850California is Free State, New Mexico and Utah use popular

sovereignty, Fugitive Slave Law

3) Nativism/Know-Nothings Mainly in North favoring Native born Americans over

immigrants

4) Kansas-Nebraska Act Allowed Kansas and Nebraska to use popular sovereignty

5) Sumner Brooks Incident Southern senator’s nephew beats northern senator with cane for

criticizing south

6) Dred Scott Decision Slavery is allowed throughout the US and Missouri Compromise

void

7) Lincoln-Douglas Debates Series of debates for senate seat in Illinois centering on slavery

(Douglas – Popular Sovereignty / Lincoln – No Extension)

8) John Brown’s Raid Brown raids a federal arsenal to give weapons to slaves; seen as

martyr for abolition movement

9) Election of 1860 Abraham Lincoln elected president without any electoral votes

from the South

10) South Carolina Secession Form the Confederate States of America with 7 other southern

states

Reconstruction Plans

Reconstruction Plan / Planners / Requirements
Ten Percent Plan / Abraham Lincoln / 1)Pardons all who swear allegiance to Union and accept policy on slavery EXCEPT Confederate military and government officials
2)Hold state conventions to get back into the Union with only 10% allegiance
Presidential Reconstruction / Andrew Johnson / 1)Pardoned ALL southerners who swore allegiance to the Union
2)All states could hold conventions to get back into the Union without 10% allegiance
3)States must void secession and abolish slavery
Congressional Reconstruction / Radical Republicans / 1)Military rule for South
2)African Americans can vote but former Confederates cannot
3)Must ratify 14th Amendment
4)Ordered to hold state conventions

Reconstruction People

Carpetbaggers (Northerners moving South)

Scalawags (Southern Republicans)

Former Plantation Owners

Small Farmers

Tenant Farmers

(Rented Land)

Sharecroppers (Farmed others land and paid with crops)

Freedmen

(Former Slaves)

______

Industrial Revolution

(Late 1800s)

Invention / Inventor / Impact
Oil Drill / Edwin Drake / Made production of oil faster and more efficient
Light Bulb / Thomas Edison / Made lighting easier and more accessible; longer workdays
Alternating Currents / George Westinghouse / Made light available to rural areas
Telephone / Alexander Graham Bell / Allowed more communication around country
Transcontinental Railroad / ______/ Connected the country and allowed for trade throughout the nation
Bessemer Process / William Kelly / Allowed for faster and cheaper production of steel

Industrialists

Andrew Carnegie / John D. Rockefeller / JP Morgan

Industry

/ US Steel / Standard Oil Company / Banker
Technique / Vertical
Consolidation / Horizontal Consolidation / Interlocking Directorates
Explanation / Buy up all phases of production to cut out middle man / Control all companies in the same industry / Put members of company in every branch of business

Example

/ McDonald’s buys up chicken farms, cows, wheat fields, and Oreo Company / McDonald’s works with Hardee’s, Wendy’s, and Burger King to keep prices the same / The managers of all fast food businesses work for McDonald’s corporation

Factory Problems

PieceworkMore Production = More Pay

Sweatshops Long hours, low wages, bad jobs

Workplace Problems

Division of LaborEveryone gets different task

Child LaborChildren as young as 5 work

Labor Unions

Union

/ Purpose
National Trades Union /

First labor union in America
Included all crafts

Knights of Labor /

Included workers from all crafts
Accepted African Americans and Women
Fought for shorter hours, better conditions, no child labor
Did not fight for higher wages

American Federation of Labor /

Included only skilled workers
Did not have very many women of African Americans
Led by Samuel Gompers

American Railway Union /

Worked to unite all railway workers, skilled and unskilled
Led by Eugene Debs

Labor Union Strikes

Labor Union Techniques

Techniques

Strikes: Boycotts: Collective Bargaining:

Stop Working Do not buy from Negotiate with

Certain businesses employer

______

The Populist Movement

(Late 1800s)

Remember: Wizard of Oz

Who

Farmers

Demands /

Increase Money Supply (Free Silver)
Decrease Tariffs
Progressive Income Tax
Government ownership of communications and transportation

Candidate /

William JenningsBryan
Delivered Cross of Gold speech in Election of 1896
Lost election to McKinley

Political Party /

Populists or The Grange

Immigration to the United States

Time Period / Immigrant Groups / Problems Arising
1840s / Northwestern Europe
(Irish, French, Germans) / Beginning of Nativism
Know-Nothing Party Forms
Tenements
1890s / Central Europe
(Austria-Hungary, Yugoslavia, Poland) / Crowded Cities
Tenements
How The Other Half Lives
Political Machines
Nativism Grows
1920s / Southern and Eastern Europe
(Russia, Italy, Greece, Romania, and Turkey) / Red Scare
Rise of Ku Klux Kan
Nativism Continues
Immigration Restrictions

Voting Restriction for African Americans

Voting Restrictions

Poll TaxLiteracy Test Grandfather Clause

Pay to vote Must be able to read to vote May vote if grandfather

voted prior to Civil War

Booker T. Washington v. WEB Dubois

Booker T. Washington / Similarities / WEB Dubois
Raised as former slave in South / African Americans / Raised in the North
Blacks should get a vocational education / Leaders at the turn of the century / Blacks should get a liberal arts education
Blacks should work to gain equality with whites gradually / Educated / Blacks should be equal now
Founded Tuskegee Institute / Working for what each believed best for African Americans / Founded NAACP

Progressive Movement

(Early 1900s)

Who /

Middle class Americans, especially women
Muckrakers: Bring problems of society to public attention
Ida Tarbell = Book on the Standard Oil Company
Upton Sinclair= The Jungle on meatpacking industry

Demands /

Make government accountable to citizens
Curb power of wealthy
Be more active in the lives of individuals

Solutions /

Direct Primaries
17th Amendment
Initiative
Referendum
Recall

Candidates /

Theodore Roosevelt (1912)

Political Party /

Bull Moose Party

Foreign Policies

(Early 1900s)

Theodore Roosevelt / William Taft / Woodrow Wilson

Foreign Policy

/ Big Stick Diplomacy / Dollar Diplomacy / Moral Diplomacy
Explanation / Use force and aggression in dealing with other nations / Invest money in the economies of other nations / Apply US morals in dealing with other nations
Historical Usage / Panama Canal / China / Mexican Revolution
Usage Today / Attack on Afghanistan and Iraq / Investing money in Iraq / Spreading democracy and ridding Iraq of tyrannical dictator

Path of Imperialism to 1917

Spanish American War Philippines Puerto Rico ChinaHawaii

Panama CanalRoosevelt Corollary Mexican Revolution World War I

The Square Deal

(Teddy Roosevelt)

Election of 1912

William Taft  Republican

Split Republican Vote

Candidates Theodore Roosevelt  Bull Moose

Woodrow Wilson Democrat Wins Election of 1912

World War I

Overall Causes / Militarism, Nationalism, Imperialism, Alliances, Assassination of Archduke Ferdinand
US Entry / Violation of Sussex Pledge and Zimmerman Note (1917)
US Leaders / Woodrow Wilson
Warfare / Trench Warfare, Tanks, Poison Gas
Sides / Central Powers: AustriaHungary and Germany
Allies: Great Britain, France, Russia, United States, Serbia
Theatres / All fought in western Europe
Winners / Allies
Dates / 1914-1918
Treaty / Treaty of Versailles: Reparations, Redraw Map of Europe, League of Nations

Characteristics of Life in the 1920s

Term / Meaning
Isolation / Cutting country off from the rest of the world
Prohibition / Banned consumption, sale, and use of alcohol in America organized crime
Airplanes / The Wright Brothers launched first aircraft
Lost Generation / Writers disconnected with America culture (Hemingway, Fitzgerald)
Fundamentalism / Interpreting the Bible literally  Problems with evolution  Scopes Trial
Easy Credit / More goods  more to buy  people buying now and paying later
Radio / Nationwide stations allowed a common connection and culture in America
Harlem Renaissance / Literary and artistic movement among African Americans
Jazz Age / Jazz music comes to the forefront and club open
Automobiles / Henry Ford begins mass producing his Model T
Film / First sound films come out in America

Warning Signs of the Great Depression

Uneven Prosperity (rich getting richer, poor getting poorer)
Lack of Savings (80% of families had no savings)
Personal Debt (more Americans buying on credit)
Buying on the Margin (buying stock for half the price and paying rest when money comes in)
Speculation (get rich quick schemes)
Troubles for Farmers (crop prices falling)
Overproduction (no business regulations  warehouses overstocked and no one to sell to)

Ripple Effect of the Stock Market Crash

Market investors lose savings and cannot pay loans 

Banks who invested in high risk companies cannot get loans back 

Banks demand money from consumer borrowers 

Borrowers do not have the money to pay banks 

American panic at thought of banks running out of money 

Everyone goes to the bank to get their money 

Banks run out of money and fail 

Savings accounts are wiped out with no insurance 

Companies who lost money have to cut production and jobs 

Rise in unemployment

Herbert Hoover Versus Franklin Roosevelt

Herbert Hoover / Franklin Roosevelt
Philosophy of Government / Rugged Individualism
(People should help themselves as much as possible without government assistance) / Forgotten Man
(Government should work for the people)
Relief Type / Indirect Relief
(Give money to state and local governments and to businesses and let the benefits trickle down) / Direct Relief
(Federal government deals with problem by creating programs to assist Americans)
Dealing with the Depression / Let it work itself out / Relief, Recovery, and Reform
Political Party / Republican / Democrat

New Deal Policies

New Deal Program / Acronym / Purpose
Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation / FDIC / Insure bank deposits up to $5,000.00
Securities and Exchange Commission / SEC / Assures that all information about stocks and bonds is accurate
Civilian Conservation Corps / CCC / Put young unmarried men to work doing useful jobs
TennesseeValley Authority / TVA / Sought to build hydroelectric power plants on the Tennessee River to help poor area and create jobs
Public Works Administration / PWA / Relieved unemployment through large scale work projects
Works Progress Administration / WPA / Constructed public buildings, bridges, and roads
National Recovery Administration
(Wagner Act) / NRA / Reduced hours for factories, set minimum wage, restricted child labor, guaranteed collective bargaining
Agricultural Adjustment Act / AAA / Federal government pays farmers not to farm
Social Security / ______/ Provided unemployment insurance, old age pensions, and benefits for the disabled

Major Movements and Events in US History before World War II

The First Two Political Parties Form

Federalists / Democratic Republicans
Leader: / Leader:
Philosophy: / Philosophy:
Constitutional Ideas: / Constitutional Ideas:

Election of 1800

(______)

______

Candidates ______

______

Equation for the Monroe Doctrine

______+ ______= US Foreign Policy

Manifest Destiny Begins

New Political Parties

National Republicans / Jacksonian Democrats

The American System

(Developed by ______)

Three Parts / Overall Purpose
1.
2.
3.

Election of 1824

(______)

______

Candidates ______

______

Reform Movements of the Early 1800s

Movement / Leaders / Purpose
Religious Reform
Transcendentalists
Temperance Movement
Public Education
Prison Reform
Utopian Communities
Abolition Movement
Women’s Rights Movement
Writers
Artists

Inventions of the Early 1800s

Invention / Inventor

North versus South

Category / North / South
Type of Economy
Rural or Urban
Living Conditions
Workers
Workplace Problems
Ways to Deal With Workplace Problems

Short Term Causes of the Civil War

1) Wilmot Proviso 

2) Compromise of 1850

3) Nativism/Know-Nothings 

4) Kansas-Nebraska Act 

5) Sumner Brooks Incident 

6) Dred Scott Decision 

7) Lincoln-Douglas Debates 

8) John Brown’s Raid 

9) Election of 1860 

10) South Carolina Secession 

Reconstruction Plans

Reconstruction Plan / Planners / Requirements
Ten Percent Plan
Presidential Reconstruction
Congressional Reconstruction

Reconstruction People

______

Industrial Revolution

(Late 1800s)

Invention / Inventor / Impact
Oil Drill
Light Bulb
Alternating Currents
Telephone
Transcontinental Railroad
Bessemer Process

Industrialists

Andrew Carnegie / John D. Rockefeller / JP Morgan

Industry

Technique
Explanation

Example

Factory Problems

Piecework

Sweatshops

Workplace Problems

Division of Labor

Child Labor

Labor Unions

Union

/ Purpose
National Trades Union
Knights of Labor
American Federation of Labor
American Railway Union

Labor Union Strikes

Labor Union Techniques

Techniques

Strikes: Boycotts: Collective Bargaining:

______

The Populist Movement

(Late 1800s)

Remember: ______

Who

Demands
Candidate
Political Party

Immigration to the United States

Time Period / Immigrant Groups / Problems Arising
Northwestern Europe
(Irish, French, Germans)
Central Europe
(Austria-Hungary, Yugoslavia, Poland)
Southern and Eastern Europe
(Russia, Italy, Greece, Romania, and Turkey)

Voting Restriction for African Americans

Voting Restrictions

Booker T. Washington v. WEB Dubois

Booker T. Washington / Similarities / WEB Dubois

Progressive Movement

(Early 1900s)

Who
Demands
Solutions
Candidates
Political Party

Foreign Policies

(Early 1900s)

Theodore Roosevelt / William Taft / Woodrow Wilson

Foreign Policy

Explanation
Historical Usage
Usage Today

Path of Imperialism to 1917

______

The Square Deal

(Teddy Roosevelt)

Election of 1912

______ ______

______

Candidates ______ ______

____________

World War I

Overall Causes
US Entry
US Leaders
Warfare
Sides
Theatres
Winners
Dates
Treaty

Characteristics of Life in the 1920s

Term / Meaning
Isolation
Prohibition
Airplanes
Lost Generation
Fundamentalism
Easy Credit
Radio
Harlem Renaissance
Jazz Age
Automobiles
Film

Warning Signs of the Great Depression

______
______
______
______
______
______
______

Ripple Effect of the Stock Market Crash

______

______

Herbert Hoover Versus Franklin Roosevelt

Herbert Hoover / Franklin Roosevelt
Philosophy of Government
Relief Type
Dealing with the Depression
Political Party

New Deal Policies

New Deal Program / Acronym / Purpose
Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation
Securities and Exchange Commission
Civilian Conservation Corps
TennesseeValley Authority
Public Works Administration
Works Progress Administration
National Recovery Administration
(Wagner Act)
Agricultural Adjustment Act
Social Security

Major Movements and Events in US History before World War II

The First Two Political Parties Form

Federalists / Democratic Republicans
Leader: / Leader:
Philosophy: / Philosophy:
Constitutional Ideas: / Constitutional Ideas:

Election of 1800

(______)

______

Candidates ______