Appendix
List of public institutions where skeletons used in this study are curated:
AMNH, American Museum of Natural History, New York City, New York, USA; ANSP, Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA; BHI, Black Hills Institute, Hill City, South Dakota, USA; BMNH, Burpee Museum of Natural History, Rockford, Illinois, USA; BMNS, Boston Museum of Nature and Science, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; BIOPSI, Babiarz Institute of Paleontological Studies, Mesa, Arizona, USA. BSP, Bayerische Staatsamlung fur Palaontologie und Historische Geologie, Munich, Germany; CM, Carnegie Museum, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA; CMN, Canadian Museum of Nature, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; CMNH, Cleveland Museum of Natural History, Cleveland, Ohio, USA; DDM, Dinosaur Discovery Museum, Kenosha, Wisconsin, USA; DMNS, Denver Museum of Nature and Science, Denver, Colorado, USA; FMNH, Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, Illinois, USA; FPDM, Fukui Prefectoral Dinosaur Museum, Fukui, Japan; GCM, Garfield County Museum, Jordan, Montana, USA; GMNH, Gunma Museum of Natural History, Gunma, Japan; GNSM, Gwacheon National Science and Technology Museum, Gwacheon, South Korea; GSC, Geological Survey of Canada; LACM, Los Angeles County Museum, Los Angeles, California, USA; LDP, Lance Dinosaur Project, University of New Orleans, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA; MOR, Museum of the Rockies, Bozeman, Montana, USA; MRF, Marmarth Research Foundation, Marmarth, North Dakota, USA; MWT, Museum of World Treasures, Wichita, Kansas, USA. NCSM, North Carolina State Museum, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA; NDGS, North Dakota Geological Survey, Bismarck, North Dakota, USA; NSM, National Science Museum, Tokyo, Japan; PTRM, Pioneer Trails Regional Museum, Bowman, North Dakota, USA; RAM, Raymond M. Alf Museum of Palaeontology, Claremont, California, USA; RSM, Royal Saskatchewan Museum, Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada; SDSM, South Dakota School of Mines, Rapid City, South Dakota, USA; SMF, Senckenberg Forschungsinstitut und Naturmuseum, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; SMM, Science Museum of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA; SMNH, Smithsonian Museum of Natural History, Washington D.C., USA; TCMI, The Children’s Museum of Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA; TMP, Tyrell Museum of Palaeontology, Drumheller, Aleberta, Canada; UCM, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA; UCMP, University of California Museum of Palaeontology, Berkeley, California, USA; UCRC, University of Chicago Research Collection, Chicago, Illinois, USA; UMMP, University of Michigan Museum of Palaeontology, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA; UND, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota, USA; UW, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming, USA. VRD, Sierra College, Rocklin, California, USA; WVGES, West Virginia Geologic and Economic Survey, Morgantown, Virginia, USA.
Table References:
Bakker, R. T., Williams, M. & Currie, P. 1988 Nanotyrannus, a new genus of pygmy tyrannosaur, from the latest Cretaceous of Montana. Hunteria, 1, 2 – 30.
Brown, B. 1906 New notes on the osteology of Triceratops. Bulletin American Museum of Natural History, 22, 297 – 301.
Brown, B. 1914 Leptoceratops, a new genus of ceratopsia from the Edmonton Cretaceous of Alberta. Bulletin American Museum of Natural History, 33, 567 – 580.
Brown, B. 1933 A gigantic ceratopsian dinosaur, Triceratops maximus, new species. American Museum Novitates, 649, 1-9.
Carpenter, K. 1979 Vertebrate fauna of the Laramie Formation (Maestrichtian), Weld County, Colorado. Contributions to Geology, University of Wyoming, 17, 37 – 49.
Carpenter, K. & Young, D. B. 2002 Late Cretaceous dinosaurs from the Denver Basin, Colorado. Rocky Mountain Geology, 37, 237 – 254.
Carpenter, K. 2004 Redescription of Ankylosaurus magniventris Brown 1908 (Ankylosauridae) from the Upper Cretaceous of the Western Interior of North America. Canadian Journal of Earth Science, 41, 961 – 986.
Christians, J. P. 1992 Taphonomy and sedimentology of the Mason Dinosaur Quarry, Hell Creek Formation (Upper Cretaceous), South Dakota (Master’s thesis): Madison, University of Wisconsin, 91 pp.
Colbert, E. H. & Bump, J. D. 1947 A skull of Torosaurus from South Dakota and a revision of the genus. Proceedings of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 99, 93 – 106.
Colsen, M. C., Colson, R. O., & Nellermoe, R. 2004 Stratigraphy and depositional environments of the upper Fox Hills and lower Hell Creek Formations at the Concordia Hadrosaur Site in northwestern South Dakota. Rocky Mountain Geology, 39, 93 – 111.
Derstler, K. 1995. The Dragons Grave: An Edmontosaurus bonebed containing theropod egg shells and juveniles, Lance Formation (Uppermost Cretaceous), Niobrara County, Wyoming. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 15, 26A.
Derstler, K. & Meyers, J. M. 2008 Preliminary account of the tyrannosaurid Pete from the Lance Formation of Wyoming. In Tyrannosaurus rex: The tyrant king (Larson, P. & Carpenter, K., eds), pp. 67 - 74. Indiana University Press.
Fisher, P. E., Russell, D. A., Stoskopf, M. K., Barrick, R. E., Hammer, M., & Kuzmitz, A. A., 2000 Cardiovascular evidence for an intermediate or higher metabolic rate in an Ornithischian dinosaur. Science, 288, 503 – 505.
Galton, P. M. 1974 Notes on Thescelosaurus, a conservative Ornithopod dinosaur from the Upper Cretaceous of North America, with comments on Ornithopod classification. Journal of Paleontology, 48, 1048 – 1067.
Garstka, W., & Brunham, D. A. 1997 Posture and stance of Triceratops: evidence of digitigrade manus and cantilever vertebral column. In Dinofest International Proceedings (Wolberg, D. L., Stump, E., & Rosenberg, G. D. eds), pp. 385 – 391. Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
Giffin, E., B., Gabriel, D. L., & Johnson, R. E. 1987 A new pachycephalosaurid skull (Ornithischia) from the Cretaceous Hell Creek Formation of Montana. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 7, 398 – 407.
Gilmore, C. W. 1915 Osteology of Thescelosaurus, an orthopodous dinosaur from the Lance Formation of Wyoming. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 49, 591 – 616.
Goodwin, M. B., Buchholtz, E. A., & Johnson, R. E. 1998 Cranial anatomy and diagnosis of Stygimoloch spinifer (Ornithischia: Pachycephalosauria) with comments on cranial display structures in agonistic behavior. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 18, 363 – 375.
Goodwin, M. B. & Horner, J. R. 2004 Cranial histology of pachycephalosaurs (Ornithischia: Marginocephalia) reveals transitory structures inconsistent with head-butting behavior. Paleobiology, 30, 253 – 267.
Hatcher, J. B. 1905 Two new ceratopsia from the Laramie of Converse County, Wyoming. American Journal of Science, 20, 413 – 422.
Hatcher, J. 2006 Maastrichtian vertebrata: on the Palaeoecology of Hell Hollow. Mesozoic Terrestrial Ecosystems, 52 – 54.
Hatcher, J. B., Marsh, O. C., & Lull, R. S. 1907 The Ceratopsia. U. S. Geological Survey, 49, 1 – 300.
Holland, F. D. 1997 A North Dakota Triceratops skull. Rocky Mountain Geology, 32, 51 – 60.
Horner, J. R. 1984 A “segmented” epidermal tail frill in a species of hadrosaurian dinosaur. Journal of Paleontology, 58, 270 – 271.
Horner, J. and D. Lessem. 1993. The Complete T. rex. Simon & Shuster. New York.
Horner, J. & Goodwin, M. 2009 Extreme cranial ontogeny in the Upper Cretaceous dinosaur Pachycephalosaurus. PLoS ONE, 4, 1 – 11.
Larson, N. L. 2008 One hundred years of Tyrannosaurus rex: The skeletons. In Tyrannosaurus rex: The tyrant king (Larson, P. & Carpenter, K., eds), pp. 1 – 56. Indiana University Press.
Lipkin, C., Sereno, P. C., & Horner, J. R. 2007 The furcula in Suchomimus tenerensis and Tyrannosaurus rex (Dinosauria: Theropoda: Tetanurae). Journal of Paleontology, 81, 1523 – 1527.
Lull, R. S. 1903 Skull of Triceratops serratus. Bulletin American Museum of Natural History, 19, 685 – 695.
Lull, R. S. & Wright, N. E. 1942 Hadrosaurian dinosaurs of North America. Spec. Paper, Geol. Soc. Amer., 40, 1 – 242.
McIver, E. E. 2002 The paleoenvironment of Tyrannosaurus rex from southwestern Saskatchewan, Canada. Can. J. Earth Sci., 39, 207 – 221.
Molnar, R. E. 1978 A new theropod dinosaur from the Upper Cretaceous of central Montana. Journal of Paleontology, 52, 73 – 82.
Morris, W. J. 1978. Hypsilophodont dinosaurs: a new species and comments on their systematics. In Essays on palaeontology in honour of Loris Shane Russell (Churcher, C. S. ed), pp 93 – 113. Univ. Toronto Press.
Osborn, H. F. 1905 Tyrannosaurus and other Cretaceous carnivorous dinosaurs. Bulletin American Museum of Natural History, 21, 259 – 265.
Osborn, H. F. 1906 Tyrannosaurus, Upper Cretaceous carnivorous dinosaur (Second Communication). Bulletin American Museum of Natural History, 22, 281 – 297.
Osborn, H. F. 1912 Crania of Tyrannosaurus and Allosaurus. Memoirs of the American Museum of Natural History, 1, 33 – 54.
Ostrom, J. H. 1978 Leptoceratops gracilis from the “Lance” Formation of Wyoming. Journal of Paleontology, 52, 697 – 704.
Ott, C. 2007 Cranial anatomy and biogeography of the first Leptoceratops gracilis (Dinosauria: Ornithischia) specimens from the Hell Creek Foramtion, southeast Montana. In Horns and Beaks (Carpenter, K. ed), pp 213 – 233. Indiana University Press.
Pearson, D. A., Schaefer, T., Johnson, K. R., Nichols, D. J., & Hunter, J. P. 2002 Vertebrate biostratigraphy of the Hell Creek Formation in southwestern North Dakota and northwestern South Dakota. In The Hell Creek Formation and the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary in the northern Great Plains: an integrated continental record of the end of the Cretaceous (Hartman, J. H., Johnson, K. R., & Nichols, D. J. eds), pp. 145–168. Geological Society of America Special Paper 361.
Schweitzer, M. H. Wittmeyer, J. L., Horner, J. R., & Toporski, J. K. 2005 Soft-tissue vessels and cellular preservation in Tyrannosaurus rex. Science, 307, 1952 – 1955.
Sternberg, C. M. 1940 Thescelosaurus edmontonensis, n. sp., and classification of the Hypsilophodontidae. Journal of Paleontology, 14, 481 – 494.
Sternberg, C. M. 1949 The Edmonton Fauna and description of a new Triceratops from the Upper Edmonton Member; phylogeney of the Ceratopsidae. Annual report of the National Museum, 113, 32 – 46.
Sternberg, C. M. 1951 Complete skeleton of Leptoceratops gracilis Brown from the Upper Edmonton Member on Red Deer River, Alberta. Annual Report of the National Museum, 123, 224 – 255.