The United States and Great Britain settled their disputes over boundaries and
control of waterways.
• United States and British Canada both wanted ______on the Great Lakes.
– ______ (1817) limited naval power on Great Lakes for both.
– ______ allowed U.S. fishing off Canada and set the border between the United States and Canada at the 49th parallel as far west as the Rocky Mountains.
– United States and Britain agreed to ______
–
The First Seminole War and the Adams-Onís Treaty
-Andrew Jackson’s troops captured ______, beginning First Seminole War in 1818.
-U.S. troops captured ______and ______
-Spain and United States signed ______ in 1819;, and settled all border disputes.
-United States received ______, gave up claim to Texas, and agreed to pay U.S. citizens’ claims against Spain.
With the Monroe Doctrine, the United States strengthened its relationship
with Latin America.
• Latin American countries declared independence from Spain.
– ______ led many of these revolutions.
– The United States feared European countries would ______
______
• United States issued ______.
– Warned European powers not to ______
– Put ______in U.S. sphere of influence
The Monroe Doctrine: Four Basic Points
- .
The Era of Good Feelings
-time of ______from 1815–1825
-National unity strengthened by ______that reinforced ______.
-______ (1819) asserted implied powers of Congress in allowing for creation of national bank.
-______ (1824) said states could not interfere with power of Congress to regulate interstate trade.
The outcome of the election of 1824 led to controversy.
• Andrew Jackson won the popular vote but did not have ______.
• The House of Representatives was required by the Constitution to choose the winner; they chose ______.
• Jackson’s supporters claimed Adams had made a “______” with Henry Clay.
• Accusations grew after Adams made Clay ______.
• Controversy weakened Adams’s support.
Voting Reforms
-Democracy spread in the early 1800s as more people ______.
-Democratic reform made voting reform possible.
-Many states ______requirement for men to be eligible to vote.
-Political parties held ______, which allowed party members, not just leaders, to select candidates.
-This increase of voting rights by lowering property requirements later became known as ______.
Election of 1828
Jackson vs. Adams
• ______ arose from Jackson’s supporters.
• Backers of President John Quincy Adams called ______.
• Jackson chose ______ as running mate.
• Jackson portrayed as war hero who had been born poor and worked to succeed.
• Adams was Harvard graduate and son of the second president.
• Jackson defeated Adams, winning a ______of popular votes.
Jackson’s victory in the election of 1828 marked a change in American politics.
Jackson’s Inauguration
Spoils System
Martin Van Buren
Kitchen Cabinet
Regional differences grew during Jackson’s presidency.
North South West
Tariff of Abominations
• In 1827, northern manufacturers demanded a tariff on ______.
– Would provide protection against ______
• ______opposed a tariff because it would ______.
• Congress passed a high tariff on imports before Jackson became president.
• The South called it the ______.
The rights of the states were debated amid arguments about a national tariff.
• Jackson was forced to deal with growing conflicts over ______.
• The question of an individual state’s right to disregard a law passed by Congress was at the heart of a growing conflict over tariffs.
• Vice President John C. Calhoun supported the South
– Advanced ______
– States could nullify, or reject, federal law judged unconstitutional.
• Calhoun’s theory was controversial.
– Produced the ______
States’ Rights Debate
• Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions of 1798-99 were early discussions on states’ rights.
• ______ argued that the United States was one nation, not a pact among independent states.
• Jackson opposed nullification, but was worried about the southern economy. He urged Congress to pass a lower tariff
• South Carolina enacted ______to void tariffs.
• Congress then passed another lower-tariff compromise.
• States’ rights controversy continued until ______.
Jackson’s attack on the Bank sparked controversy.
• Jackson did not always support ______.
– Opposed Second Bank of the United States.
– Believed it unconstitutional: only ______should have banking power.
• Southern states opposed the Bank because they believed it only ______
• In McCulloch v. Maryland, Supreme Court ruled the national bank was constitutional.
• Jackson ______the renewal of the Bank’s charter in 1832.
Jackson’s policies led to the Panic of 1837.
• Jackson took funds out of the Bank and put them in ______.
• State banks used funds to give credit to ______.
– Helped land expansion but caused ______
• Jackson tried to slow inflation.
– Ordered Americans to use only gold and silver to buy land
– Still did not help the national economy
• Jackson’s banking and inflation policies opened the door for ______.
Elections of 1836 and 1840
• Jackson chose not to run again in 1836; Vice President ______was nominated.
• Van Buren defeated four candidates nominated by the new ______.
• A severe economic depression called the ______ followed the election.
• People blamed Van Buren even though Jackson’s economic policies had contributed to the panic.
• Van Buren was defeated in 1840 by Whig candidate ______.
The Indian Removal Act authorized the relocation of Native Americans to the West.
• Jackson and other political leaders wanted to open land to settlement by American farmers.
• Congress passed the ______ in 1830.
– The act authorized the removal of Native Americans living ______.
• Congress then established the ______.
– Native Americans would be moved to land in present-day Oklahoma.
• Congress approved the creation of the ______ to manage removal.
Cherokee resistance to removal led to disagreement between Jackson and the Supreme Court.
Cherokee Nation
• Cherokees adopted white culture, had own government and a writing system developed by ______.
• Georgia took their land, and Cherokees ______.
• Supreme Court ruled in the Cherokees’ favor in ______, but President Jackson sided with Georgia and took no action to enforce the ruling. This violated his presidential oath to uphold the laws of the land.
Trail of Tears
• In 1838, U.S. troops forced Cherokees on 800-mile march to Indian Territory. One-fourth of 18,000 Cherokees died.
Other Native Americans resisted removal with force.
• Chief ______ of the Fox and Sauk fought rather than leave Illinois.
• ______ led his followers in the Second Seminole War in Florida.
– Hundreds of Seminoles, including Osceola were killed, and some 4,000 Seminoles were removed
– Small groups of Seminole resisted removal, and their descendants live in Florida today.