FCS 324/Psych 370
Chapter 8 Review Items
- Define initiative, and describe how it is exhibited in preschoolers.
- Erikson regarded ______as the central means through which children find out about themselves and their social world.
- During early childhood, children begin to develop a ______or set of attributes, abilities, attitudes and values that define who they are.
- ______refers to the judgments we make about our own worth and feelings associated with these judgments.
- True or False: When making self-evaluations, preschoolers tend to rate their own ability as extremely low and often overestimate task difficulty.
- By age ______, children can correctly judge the causes of many basic emotions.
- ______, or the ability to control the expression of emotions, improves throughout early childhood. These improvements are in part due to increasing ______skills and by learning strategies through observing adults.
- Preschoolers experience self-conscious emotions (more/less) often than do toddlers.
- ______, or ______, behavior are actions that benefit another person without any expected reward for the self.
- What is sympathy?
- Describe Parten’s three-step sequence of social development:
A.
B.
C.1.
C.2.
- True or False: Longitudinal research shows that Parten’s play types emerge in sequence with later appearing ones replacing earlier ones.
- True or False: It is the type, rather than the amount, of solitary and parallel play that changes during early childhood.
- True or False: In early childhood, a child’s understanding of friendship is much the same as that of an adult.
- True or False: Discipline and punishment mean the same thing.
- Describe alternatives to harsh punishment.
- Distinguish between instrumental and hostile aggression.
Proactive or instrumental aggression:
Reactive or hostile aggression:
- In early childhood, ______aggression is gradually replaced by ______aggression.
- Boys tend to be (more/less/similar) in their physical aggression than are girls.
- Girls tend to be (more/less/similar) in their verbal and relational aggression than are boys.
- True or False: Studies have concluded that TV violence increases the likelihood of hostile thoughts and emotion and verbally and physically aggressive behavior.
- Define gender typing.
- Preschoolers’ gender stereotypes are (flexible/rigid).
- Gender ______refers to an image of one-self as relatively masculine or feminine in characteristics.
- ______refers to a type of gender identity in which the person scores highly on both masculine and feminine personality characteristics.
- Gender ______refers to the understanding that sex is biologically-based and remains the same even if clothing, hairstyle and play activities change.
- ______are combinations of behaviors that occur over a wide range of situations, creating an enduring child-rearing climate.
- Name and describe the four styles of child rearing.
A.
B.
C.
D.
29.Which child-rearing style is most effective?