Supplemental Instruction

Biology 211 Review Session – Exam 2

*Please note that this study guide may not cover all material on the exam. Be sure to review your lecture notes and the Powerpoint slides posted on WebCT.*

Animal Diversity

Terms/concepts: Embryonic development (cleavage, zygote, 8-cell stage, blastula, blastocoels, gastrulation, gastrula), blastopore, deuterostome, protostome, germ layers (ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm), Hox genes, Neoproterozoic era, Cambrian explosion, Mesozoic era, Cenozoic era, asymmetry/bilateral/radial symmetry, diploblastic/triploblastic, coelom, coelomate/acoelomate/pseudocoelomate

Questions:

  1. What characteristics do animals have that plants and fungi don’t?
  2. What are features of the animal sexual/life cycle?
  3. What anatomical structures might each of the three germ layers become?
  4. What features define animal groups?
  5. At what developmental stage should one be able to first distinguish a diploblastic from triploblastic embryo?
  6. Why do animals have a body cavity? (ie: how does it help them?)
  7. What are the three major bilateral clades?

Fungi

Terms/concepts: Saprobe, mutualistic symbiont, hyphae, mycelium, chitin, septa, coenocytic, hoop traps, haustorium, mycorrhizae, pheromones, plasmogamy, karyogamy, dikaryotic, meiosis, ploidy, haploid, diploid, zygosporangia, ascocarps, ascospores, ectomycorrhizae, cyanobacteria, endophytes

Characteristics of all fungi: eukaryotic, heterotrophs, multicellular (except yeasts)

Three Phyla you need to know: Zygomycota, Ascomycota, Basidiomycota

Reproductive cycles: Know general cycle and the cycle for each phylum

Questions:

  1. How do they acquire nutrition?
  2. What are the cell walls made out of?
  3. When do most fungi produce asexually rather than sexually?
  4. What is a lichen?
  5. What are the “good” and the “bad” of fungi?
  6. Examples of agricultural and human fungal pathogens.
  7. Compare oomycetes and fungi.
  8. What are unicellular fungi called?

Invertebrates

Terms/concepts: choanocytes, spongocoel, hermaphrodite, eumetazoan vs metazoan, polyp, medusa, cnidocytes, nematocytes, parasitism, free-living organisms compared to parasites, life cycles of various parasites discussed in lecture,schistomiasis, radula, filter-feeding, ecological significance of earthworms, ecdysis, nematodes that parasitize humans, open vs closed circulatory system, complete vs incomplete digestive system, chelicerae

Questions:

  1. What is the first group to “break off” from the phylogenetic tree?
  2. What characteristics define sponges?
  3. How do sponges obtain food? Describe the path of water flow.
  4. What type of animals may animals have evolved from?
  5. Describe how sponges reproduce.
  6. What are the two body types of cnidarians? Describe their life cycle.
  7. Describe corals- what phylum do they belong to?
  8. What evolutionary developments appeared in bilaterians?
  9. What characteristics appear in parasitic organisms?
  10. What three features appear in all members of phylum mollusca?
  11. What adaptations appear in cephalopods due to their predatory lifestyle?
  12. What four characteristics led to the success of arthropods?
  13. What three adaptations led to the success of insects?

Phylogenetic and unique characteristic chart (drawn out on board)

Porifera- Phyla Calcarea and Silicea

Phylum Cnidaria

Bilateria:

Clade Lophotrochozoa

-Phylum Platyhelminthes

-Class Turbellaria (planarians)

-Class Monogenea (monogeneans)

-Class Trematoda (flukes)

-Class Cestoda (tapeworms)

-Phylum Rotifera

-Phylum Ectoprocta

-Phylum Brachiopoda

-Phylum Mollusca

-Class Polyplacophora

-Class Gastropoda

-Class Bivalvia

-Class Cephalopoda

-Phylum Annelida

-Class Oligochaeta

-Class Polychaeta

-Class Hirudinae

Clade Ecdysozoa

-Phylum Nematoda

-Phylum Arthropoda

-Subphylum Chelicerata

-Subphylum Myriapoda

-Subphylum Crustacea

-Subphylum Insecta (Hexapoda)

Vertebrates

Terms/concepts: notochord, hollow/dorsal nerve cord, post-anal tail, pharyngeal slits, neural crest cells, craniates fossil record, derived trait, swim bladder (and what types of fish have this feature), amphibia (what does this term mean?), metamorphosis, ectothermic, endothermic

Questions:

  1. What four characteristics do all chordates have at some point in their lifetime? What is the function of each?
  2. Why do scientists think that lancelets hold clues to the evolution of the chordate brain?
  3. Why is the development of a head helpful in an organism’s life?
  4. What are several derived characters seen in vertebrates?
  5. What characteristics are unique to vertebrates in addition to those seen in chordates?
  6. Describe major events in vertebrate history.
  7. Why are jaws beneficial?
  8. What did jaws develop from?
  9. Describe the origin of tetrapods.
  10. Describe the amniotic egg (how it evolved, what animals have this feature, why it is helpful to have)
  11. What characteristics do birds have that aid in flight?
  12. Describe the anatomical features of Archeopteryx.
  13. What are the derived characters of Class Mammalia?
  14. What traits are derived in humans?
  15. Discuss hominins.
  16. Did humans evolve from apes? Why or why not?

Phylogeny and unique characteristics:

Class Amphibia

-Order Urodela

-Order Anura

-Order Apoda

Clade Reptilia (know the lineages: lepidosaurs, squamates, archosaurs, etc)

Class Mammalia (know the difference between marsupials, monotremes, and eutherians)

Australopiths, Homo ergaster, Homo erectus, Neandrethals, Homo Sapiens