Online/Reviewers’ Appendix
Pro-market Economic Policies and Women’s Economic Well-Being
Online/Reviewers' Appendix
Table of Contents
Table A1. Pro-Market Policies and Female Labor Force Participation, 1981-2011 (DV: Female Labor; models without interpolated data)
Table A2. Pro-Market Policies and Women’s Economic Rights, 1981-2011 (DV: Women’s Economic Rights; models without interpolated data)
Table A3. Pro-Market Policies and Female Labor Force Participation, 1981-2011 (DV: Female Labor; Developing countries sample)
Table A4. Pro-Market Policies and Women’s Economic Rights, 1981-2011 (DV: Women’s Economic Rights; Developing countries sample)
Table A5. Pro-Market Policies and Female Labor Force Participation, 1981-2011 (DV: Female Labor; models with religion dummies)
Table A6. Pro-Market Policies and Women’s Economic Rights, 1981-2011 (DV: Women’s Economic Rights; models with religion dummies)
Table A7. Pro-Market Policies and Female Labor Force Participation, 1981-2011 (DV: Female Labor; models with ethnic and religious fractionalization)
Table A8. Pro-Market Policies and Women’s Economic Rights, 1981-2011 (DV: Women’s Economic Rights; models with ethnic and religious fractionalization)
Table A9. Pro-Market Policies and Women’s Economic Rights, 1981-2011 (DV: Female Labor; models with the Left Government variable)
Table A10. Pro-Market Policies and Women’s Economic Rights, 1981-2011 (DV: Women’s Economic Rights; models with the Left Government variable)
Table A11. Pro-Market Policies and Women’s Economic Rights, 1981-2011 (DV: Female Labor; models with the imputed variables)
Table A12. Pro-Market Policies and Women’s Economic Rights, 1981-2011 (DV: Women’s Economic Rights; models with the imputed variables)
Online/Reviewers’ Appendix
Author’s Note: To test whether the interpolated economic freedom data bias the main findings, Tables A1 and A2 report the models estimated without the interpolated data.
Table A1. The Impact of Pro-market Policies on Female Labor Force Participation
DV: % of Women in the Labor Force
Pro-Market Environment / 0.689***(0.159)
Government Size / 0.327***
(0.098)
Sound Money / 0.091
(0.069)
Freedom to Trade / 0.490***
(0.102)
Legal System / 0.117
(0.122)
Regulation / 0.546***
(0.126)
GDP per Capita / 0.477*** / 0.795*** / 0.678*** / 0.484*** / 0.585*** / 0.512***
(0.131) / (0.117) / (0.116) / (0.128) / (0.137) / (0.125)
Economic Growth / -0.063** / -0.036 / -0.039 / -0.056* / -0.038 / -0.046*
(0.024) / (0.024) / (0.023) / (0.025) / (0.023) / (0.023)
Democracy / 0.008 / 0.028 / 0.033 / -0.001 / 0.038 / 0.013
(0.026) / (0.025) / (0.025) / (0.027) / (0.024) / (0.025)
CEDAW Ratification / 1.505*** / 1.664*** / 1.738*** / 1.600*** / 1.644*** / 1.565***
(0.279) / (0.276) / (0.282) / (0.279) / (0.276) / (0.287)
Female Education / 0.029 / 0.031* / 0.038* / 0.025 / 0.047** / 0.033*
(0.015) / (0.015) / (0.015) / (0.015) / (0.015) / (0.016)
Civil Wars / 0.101 / -0.024 / 0.011 / 0.155 / -0.028 / 0.128
(0.346) / (0.357) / (0.354) / (0.353) / (0.352) / (0.344)
Past Female Labor / 0.733*** / 0.732*** / 0.734*** / 0.728*** / 0.731*** / 0.732***
(0.016) / (0.016) / (0.016) / (0.016) / (0.016) / (0.016)
Region Dummies / Yes / Yes / Yes / Yes / Yes / Yes
DV: Index / DV: Gov’t Size / DV: Sound Money / DV: Freedom to Trade / DV: Legal System / DV: Regulation
GDP per Capita / 0.226*** / -0.475*** / 0.263*** / 0.294*** / 0.751*** / 0.230***
(0.017) / (0.031) / (0.035) / (0.026) / (0.030) / (0.022)
Economic Growth / 0.030*** / 0.020** / 0.050*** / 0.030*** / 0.027*** / 0.023***
(0.005) / (0.007) / (0.011) / (0.006) / (0.007) / (0.005)
Trade / 0.207*** / 0.034 / 0.027 / 0.440*** / 0.257*** / 0.382***
(0.037) / (0.063) / (0.077) / (0.055) / (0.054) / (0.045)
Democracy / 0.029*** / 0.016** / 0.048*** / 0.068*** / -0.000 / 0.016***
(0.003) / (0.006) / (0.006) / (0.005) / (0.005) / (0.004)
Life Expectancy / 0.021*** / 0.039*** / 0.043*** / 0.026*** / 0.006 / -0.000
(0.003) / (0.005) / (0.006) / (0.004) / (0.005) / (0.003)
Left Government / -0.176*** / -0.414*** / -0.287*** / -0.067 / 0.104 / -0.186***
(0.037) / (0.067) / (0.077) / (0.049) / (0.065) / (0.043)
Time Trend / 0.046*** / 0.064*** / 0.068*** / 0.049*** / -0.002 / 0.062***
(0.003) / (0.004) / (0.007) / (0.005) / (0.004) / (0.004)
Past Pro-Market Score / 0.073*** / 0.187*** / 0.089*** / 0.061*** / 0.052*** / 0.112***
(0.008) / (0.013) / (0.016) / (0.010) / (0.011) / (0.009)
Observations / 2,016 / 2,024 / 2,024 / 1,995 / 2,037 / 2,039
Chi2 / 9917.82 / 9472.76 / 9955.59 / 9424.77 / 9653.05 / 9125.9
Log-pseudo Likelihood / -5291.48 / -6309.738 / -6621.028 / -5910.802 / -6259.054 / -5820.476
Notes: Standard errors appear in parentheses. *** p<0.001, ** p<0.01, * p<0.05
Table A2. The Impact of Pro-market Policies on Women’s Economic Rights
DV: Women’s Economic Rights
Pro-Market Environment / -0.156***(0.047)
Government Size / -0.118***
(0.033)
Sound Money / -0.050*
(0.023)
Freedom to Trade / -0.106**
(0.033)
Legal System / 0.086*
(0.041)
Regulation / -0.079*
(0.038)
GDP per Capita / 0.390*** / 0.314*** / 0.350*** / 0.380*** / 0.278*** / 0.331***
(0.043) / (0.040) / (0.040) / (0.044) / (0.048) / (0.042)
Economic Growth / -0.007 / -0.011 / -0.010 / -0.009 / -0.013 / -0.007
(0.008) / (0.008) / (0.008) / (0.008) / (0.007) / (0.007)
Democracy / 0.027*** / 0.024** / 0.023** / 0.032*** / 0.018* / 0.026***
(0.008) / (0.008) / (0.008) / (0.008) / (0.008) / (0.008)
CEDAW Ratification / 0.061 / 0.054 / 0.022 / 0.051 / 0.050 / 0.045
(0.104) / (0.104) / (0.104) / (0.105) / (0.106) / (0.103)
Female Education / 0.010* / 0.010* / 0.009 / 0.012* / 0.004 / 0.006
(0.005) / (0.005) / (0.005) / (0.005) / (0.005) / (0.005)
Civil Wars / -0.368*** / -0.342*** / -0.363*** / -0.379*** / -0.277** / -0.368***
(0.099) / (0.100) / (0.099) / (0.100) / (0.099) / (0.095)
Past Female Labor / 0.335*** / 0.328*** / 0.328*** / 0.323*** / 0.323*** / 0.331***
(0.056) / (0.058) / (0.057) / (0.056) / (0.056) / (0.055)
Region Dummies / Yes / Yes / Yes / Yes / Yes / Yes
DV: Index / DV: Gov’t Size / DV: Sound Money / DV: Freedom to Trade / DV: Legal System / DV: Regulation
GDP per Capita / 0.225*** / -0.475*** / 0.255*** / 0.294*** / 0.747*** / 0.232***
(0.017) / (0.031) / (0.035) / (0.026) / (0.030) / (0.022)
Economic Growth / 0.030*** / 0.021** / 0.051*** / 0.030*** / 0.028*** / 0.024***
(0.005) / (0.007) / (0.011) / (0.006) / (0.007) / (0.005)
Trade / 0.218*** / 0.035 / 0.052 / 0.453*** / 0.278*** / 0.392***
(0.037) / (0.062) / (0.077) / (0.055) / (0.054) / (0.045)
Democracy / 0.029*** / 0.016** / 0.049*** / 0.068*** / -0.000 / 0.016***
(0.003) / (0.006) / (0.006) / (0.005) / (0.005) / (0.004)
Life Expectancy / 0.021*** / 0.038*** / 0.043*** / 0.026*** / 0.006 / -0.001
(0.003) / (0.005) / (0.006) / (0.004) / (0.005) / (0.003)
Left Government / -0.183*** / -0.418*** / -0.290*** / -0.072 / 0.099 / -0.197***
(0.037) / (0.067) / (0.078) / (0.049) / (0.065) / (0.043)
Time Trend / 0.046*** / 0.064*** / 0.067*** / 0.048*** / -0.003 / 0.061***
(0.003) / (0.004) / (0.007) / (0.005) / (0.004) / (0.004)
Past Pro-Market Score / 0.068*** / 0.187*** / 0.091*** / 0.056*** / 0.053*** / 0.105***
(0.008) / (0.013) / (0.016) / (0.010) / (0.011) / (0.009)
Observations / 2,009 / 2,017 / 2,017 / 1,988 / 2,030 / 2,032
Chi2 / 642 / 640.74 / 638.34 / 625.12 / 606.76 / 595.11
Log-pseudo Likelihood / -2747.776 / -3741.233 / -4065.399 / -3383.262 / -3662.307 / -3209.211
Notes: Standard errors appear in parentheses. *** p<0.001, ** p<0.01, * p<0.05
Author’s Note: The models reported in Tables A3 and A4 are estimated using the developing countries sample.
Table A3. The Impact of Pro-market Policies on Female Labor Force Participation
DV: % of Women in the Labor Force
(Developing Countries Sample)
Pro-Market Environment / 1.328***(0.151)
Government Size / 0.695***
(0.091)
Sound Money / 0.359***
(0.083)
Freedom to Trade / 0.921***
(0.088)
Legal System / 0.439*
(0.207)
Regulation / 0.964***
(0.122)
GDP per Capita / -0.124 / 0.353*** / 0.278*** / -0.229* / 0.185 / 0.006
(0.098) / (0.074) / (0.078) / (0.100) / (0.141) / (0.090)
Economic Growth / -0.063*** / -0.026* / -0.035** / -0.050*** / -0.034* / -0.044**
(0.015) / (0.013) / (0.014) / (0.014) / (0.015) / (0.014)
Democracy / -0.046** / -0.024 / 0.005 / -0.065*** / 0.004 / -0.049***
(0.014) / (0.013) / (0.012) / (0.015) / (0.013) / (0.015)
CEDAW Ratification / 1.375*** / 1.767*** / 1.738*** / 1.412*** / 1.874*** / 1.604***
(0.168) / (0.156) / (0.160) / (0.163) / (0.166) / (0.171)
Female Education / 0.019 / 0.032*** / 0.030** / 0.011 / 0.043*** / 0.032***
(0.010) / (0.009) / (0.010) / (0.010) / (0.009) / (0.010)
Civil Wars / -0.376 / -0.700** / -0.503* / -0.339 / -0.516* / -0.388
(0.208) / (0.213) / (0.211) / (0.202) / (0.212) / (0.207)
Past Female Labor / 0.783*** / 0.772*** / 0.778*** / 0.781*** / 0.769*** / 0.779***
(0.010) / (0.010) / (0.010) / (0.010) / (0.011) / (0.010)
Region Dummies / Yes / Yes / Yes / Yes / Yes / Yes
DV: Index / DV: Gov’t Size / DV: Sound Money / DV: Freedom to Trade / DV: Legal System / DV: Regulation
GDP per Capita / 0.175*** / -0.155*** / -0.003 / 0.336*** / 0.524*** / 0.150***
(0.017) / (0.028) / (0.040) / (0.028) / (0.029) / (0.021)
Economic Growth / 0.024*** / 0.007 / 0.053*** / 0.020*** / 0.024*** / 0.019***
(0.003) / (0.004) / (0.008) / (0.005) / (0.005) / (0.004)
Trade / 0.423*** / 0.003 / 0.507*** / 0.566*** / 0.324*** / 0.596***
(0.032) / (0.043) / (0.078) / (0.057) / (0.054) / (0.035)
Democracy / 0.021*** / 0.030*** / 0.000 / 0.053*** / -0.000 / 0.023***
(0.002) / (0.004) / (0.005) / (0.004) / (0.004) / (0.003)
Life Expectancy / 0.019*** / 0.021*** / 0.053*** / 0.016*** / 0.008* / 0.001
(0.002) / (0.004) / (0.005) / (0.003) / (0.004) / (0.002)
Left Government / -0.255*** / -0.414*** / -0.456*** / -0.253*** / 0.060 / -0.193***
(0.032) / (0.054) / (0.076) / (0.049) / (0.054) / (0.034)
Time Trend / 0.059*** / 0.068*** / 0.084*** / 0.095*** / 0.015** / 0.058***
(0.002) / (0.003) / (0.004) / (0.003) / (0.005) / (0.002)
Past Pro-Market Score / 0.118*** / 0.217*** / 0.192*** / 0.163*** / 0.010 / 0.161***
(0.007) / (0.011) / (0.016) / (0.011) / (0.011) / (0.008)
Observations / 2,635 / 2,647 / 2,669 / 2,638 / 2,606 / 2,632
Chi2 / 23205.48 / 21980.63 / 22062.44 / 21938.21 / 20511.83 / 20986.31
Log-pseudo Likelihood / -8735.67 / -10017.589 / -11154.976 / -10023.642 / -9879.51 / -9200.32
Notes: Standard errors appear in parentheses. *** p<0.001, ** p<0.01, * p<0.05
Table A4. The Impact of Pro-market Policies on Women’s Economic Rights
DV: Women’s Economic Rights
(Developing Countries Sample)
Pro-Market Environment / -0.249***(0.046)
Government Size / -0.180***
(0.035)
Sound Money / -0.149***
(0.027)
Freedom to Trade / -0.146***
(0.028)
Legal System / 0.113
(0.074)
Regulation / -0.134***
(0.040)
GDP per Capita / 0.367*** / 0.281*** / 0.307*** / 0.371*** / 0.210*** / 0.305***
(0.032) / (0.029) / (0.028) / (0.034) / (0.051) / (0.032)
Economic Growth / -0.001 / -0.009 / -0.002 / -0.005 / -0.010 / -0.006
(0.005) / (0.005) / (0.005) / (0.005) / (0.006) / (0.005)
Democracy / 0.017** / 0.013* / 0.008 / 0.020*** / 0.005 / 0.016**
(0.005) / (0.006) / (0.005) / (0.006) / (0.005) / (0.005)
CEDAW Ratification / 0.139* / 0.101 / 0.116 / 0.101 / 0.052 / 0.066
(0.067) / (0.065) / (0.063) / (0.067) / (0.069) / (0.065)
Female Education / 0.002 / 0.000 / 0.002 / 0.002 / -0.005 / -0.003
(0.003) / (0.003) / (0.003) / (0.003) / (0.003) / (0.003)
Civil Wars / -0.508*** / -0.459*** / -0.516*** / -0.509*** / -0.332*** / -0.522***
(0.068) / (0.070) / (0.066) / (0.069) / (0.073) / (0.068)
Past Female Labor / 0.555*** / 0.567*** / 0.553*** / 0.524*** / 0.505*** / 0.568***
(0.044) / (0.045) / (0.043) / (0.045) / (0.045) / (0.044)
Region Dummies / Yes / Yes / Yes / Yes / Yes / Yes
DV: Index / DV: Gov’t Size / DV: Sound Money / DV: Freedom to Trade / DV: Legal System / DV: Regulation
GDP per Capita / 0.157*** / -0.164*** / -0.011 / 0.306*** / 0.513*** / 0.137***
(0.016) / (0.027) / (0.041) / (0.027) / (0.029) / (0.021)
Economic Growth / 0.025*** / 0.007 / 0.055*** / 0.020*** / 0.025*** / 0.020***
(0.003) / (0.004) / (0.008) / (0.005) / (0.005) / (0.004)
Trade / 0.476*** / 0.022 / 0.535*** / 0.670*** / 0.361*** / 0.652***
(0.030) / (0.044) / (0.078) / (0.053) / (0.050) / (0.034)
Democracy / 0.023*** / 0.032*** / 0.005 / 0.057*** / 0.002 / 0.025***
(0.002) / (0.004) / (0.005) / (0.004) / (0.004) / (0.003)
Life Expectancy / 0.021*** / 0.022*** / 0.054*** / 0.018*** / 0.009* / 0.003
(0.002) / (0.004) / (0.005) / (0.003) / (0.004) / (0.003)
Left Government / -0.312*** / -0.458*** / -0.547*** / -0.330*** / 0.056 / -0.246***
(0.032) / (0.054) / (0.076) / (0.048) / (0.059) / (0.034)
Time Trend / 0.055*** / 0.065*** / 0.076*** / 0.089*** / 0.009** / 0.053***
(0.002) / (0.003) / (0.004) / (0.003) / (0.004) / (0.002)
Past Pro-Market Score / 0.110*** / 0.218*** / 0.201*** / 0.151*** / 0.006 / 0.151***
(0.007) / (0.011) / (0.015) / (0.011) / (0.011) / (0.008)
Observations / 2,635 / 2,647 / 2,669 / 2,638 / 2,606 / 2,632
Chi2 / 571.37 / 554.23 / 606.67 / 553.99 / 502.67 / 533.76
Log-pseudo Likelihood / -4344.272 / -5589.905 / -6669.666 / -5636.349 / -5507.026 / -4783.134
Notes: Standard errors appear in parentheses. *** p<0.001, ** p<0.01, * p<0.05