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Supplemental Materials. Parenting Practices Items and Coding

Table S1.

Family Routine Scale (Items modified from the Family Routines Inventory (Jensen, Boyce, & 1985)

Stem: Families have different practices and activities that they do regularly in their household. I would like you to tell me how much each of these things is a routine in your family, that is, something that you do regularly.

Item / Response categories
  1. Your family has a time during the day or evening when everyone talks or plays quietly
  2. Children go to bed at the same time at night.
  3. Children have special things they do or ask for at bedtime, such as a story, a good-night kiss, or a drink of water. (Under 6 years)
  4. Family eats dinner/supper at the same time each night.
  5. At least some of the family eats breakfast together in the morning.
/ 1 = Almost never
2 = Sometimes
3 = Usually
4 = Always

Table S2.

Firm-Responsive Scale (Items adapted from the Raising Children Checklist (Shumow, 1998)

Stem: These questions are about raising [CHILD]. Using card SY-1, please tell me whether each statement is definitely true, sort of true, sort of false or definitely false in regards to you and [CHILD].

Item / Response categories
  1. I give [child] a chance to explain [his/her] side before punishing [him/her]
  2. I try to make rules which take [child]'s individual needs into consideration.
  3. I try to show that I understand [CHILD]'s feelings when I punish [him/her] for misbehaving.
  4. I try to explain the reasons for the rules I make.
/ 1 =Definitely true
2 = Sort of true
3 = Sort of false
4 = Definitely false

Table S3.

Corporal Punishment Scale (Items adapted from the Raising Children Checklist (Shumow, 1998)

Stem: These questions are about raising [CHILD]. Using card SY-1, please tell me whether each statement is definitely true, sort of true, sort of false or definitely false in regards to you and [CHILD].

Item / Response categories
  1. I think that a good spanking is sometimes needed to make [child] understand.
  2. I spank [child] when [he/she] has done something really wrong.
/ 1 =Definitely true
2 = Sort of true
3 = Sort of false
4 = Definitely false

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Table 2

Unweighted Correlationsa, Means, Standard Deviations, and Alphas of Parenting Behaviors, Waves 1-3

Parenting behavior / 1 / 2 / 3 / 4 / 5 / 6 / 7 / 8 / 9
  1. W1 Punishment
/ 1.0
  1. W2 Punishment
/ .45*** / 1.0
  1. W3 Punishment
/ .30*** / .40*** / 1.0
  1. W1 Firm-responsive
/ .25*** / .02 / -.03 / 1.0
  1. W2 Firm-responsive
/ .02 / .02 / -.03 / .33*** / 1.0
  1. W3 Firm-responsive
/ .002 / -.009 / .06 / .13*** / .20*** / 1.0
  1. W1 Routines
/ -.08** / -.13*** / -.003 / .17*** / .18*** / .10** / 1.0
  1. W2 Routines
/ -.05 / -.08** / -.04 / .10*** / .25*** / .15*** / .41*** / 1.0
  1. W3 Routines
/ -.09** / -.05 / -.06 / .05 / .13*** / .23*** / .21*** / .31*** / 1.0
Meana / 2.48 / 2.79*** / 2.61*** / 3.40 / 3.57*** / 3.72*** / 2.91 / 2.94 / 3.09***
SD / 1.08 / .98 / 1.03 / .70 / .49 / .36 / 0.65 / 0.63 / 0.61
α / .78 / .73 / .80 / .77 / .67 / .60 / .62 / .68 / .67

Significant at p-value * < 0.05; ** < 0.01; *** ≤ 0.001.

a Mean p-value refers to significant difference from previous wave mean level based on paired t-tests; all repeated measure ANOVA F-tests were significant at p <0.001.