AP EURO MONTAIGNE

Outlines for “A History of the Modern World” 9th Edition

Palmer, Colton, and Kramer

Chapter 12: Revolution and the Reimposition of Order, 1848-1870

12.58: Paris: The Specter of Social revolution in the West

1. Introduction

  1. 1848 revolution breaks out spontaneously from many sources
  2. Secret societies
  3. Demand for constitutional governments
  4. Demand for independent national groups
  5. Demand for an end of serfdom
  6. Powers that were faced by the revolutionaries
  7. Catholic Church
  8. Habsburgs
  9. Only Russia and Britain escape revolutions in 1848
  10. Revolution failed as rapidly as it succeeded
  11. Succumbed to military repression
  12. Some goals were achieved
  13. national unity
  14. Constitutional government
  15. Limited representation
  1. Paris is center of social revolution
  2. Few interests were represented in the Chamber of Deputies
  3. July Monarchy was built over a volcano of repressed republicanism
  4. Movement to expand suffrage increased demands
  5. Louis Philippe did not respond
  6. The February Revolution in France
  7. 2/21/1848 King forbade any demonstrations in Paris
  8. Revolutionaries barricade the streets of Paris
  9. 20 revolutionaries are killed outside the house of Guizot
  10. 2/24/1848 Louis Philippe abdicates
  11. Republicans proclaimed the Republic
  12. Provisional government of 10 men was set up
  13. Elections through universal suffrage were to follow
  14. 3 of the 10 were social revolutionaries
  15. Louis Blanc
  16. Blanc pushes for social reforms
  17. Called for a Ministry of Progress
  18. government organized collectivist manufacturing establishments
  19. Labor Commission was created and produced little
  20. Abolition of slavery in the French colonies was achieved
  21. National Workshops
  22. Became an unemployment relief project
  23. Unemployment outpaced the Workshops ability to provide relief work
  24. Constituent Assembly 5/4/1848 replaced the Provisional Government
  25. No social republicans were included
  26. Lines are drawn between revolutionary Paris and more conservative land and property interests
  27. Workers in Paris
  28. more numerous than in 1792
  29. less satisfied with capitalism
  30. want less hours
  31. greater concern about unemployment
  32. The June Days of 1848
  33. 5/15/1848 the Workers and social revolutionaries attack the Constitutional assembly
  34. Social revolutionaries set up a new provisional government
  35. National Guard turned against the social revolutionaries
  36. Restored the Constituent Assembly
  37. Assembly prepared to root out socialism
  38. Attacked the national workshops
  39. Labor class begins to resist
  40. Martial law is proclaimed and General Cavaignac takes over
  41. Class warfare breaks out as Paris is barricaded
  42. 6/24/to 26/1848 Bloody Days of June
  43. 10,000 are killed
  44. Military defeated the resistance
  45. Prisoners are exiled to the colonies
  46. Militant workers were confirmed in a hatred and loathing of the bourgeois class
  47. capitalism existed by the callous shooting of working class men and women
  48. People above the labor class were in a panic
  49. England experienced a revival of chartist agitation
  50. Military clashes occurred
  51. Fervor dies down
  52. The specter of social revolution was more real than the potential for social revolution
  53. Those that had something to lose to social revolution took steps to prevent it
  54. Fear of social revolution shapes the SecondFrenchRepublic
  55. The Emergence of Louis Napoleon Bonaparte
  56. Constituent Assembly drafts a new constitution
  57. Create a strong executive power
  58. Call for immediate elections
  59. Louis Napoleon was elected by a landslide
  60. Supposed to be a friend of the common people
  61. At the same time a believer in order
  62. Rode the coattails of Napoleon’s name
  63. Constituent assembly dissolved itself and elections were held (500)
  64. Two thirds of the selected members were monarchists
  65. Legitimists (Charles X)
  66. Orleanists (Louis Philippe)
  67. One third were republicans
  68. 180 were socialists whose maid issue was the form of society
  69. 70 were old fashioned republicans whose main issue was the form of government
  70. President and Assembly work to stamp out socialist interests
  71. take the vote away from the lowest and most socialist class
  72. Falloux Law puts the schools under the direction of the Catholic Church
  73. Schools were political ground for promoting socialist ideas
  74. French military move against Mazzini’s republic in Rome
  75. Louis Napoleon undermines the Assembly
  76. Calls for new elections with universal suffrage
  77. Louis Napoleon is elected by huge majority
  78. 10 year term
  79. In the following year the Empire is declared
  80. Louis Napoleon becomes Napoleon III
  81. The republic was dead
  82. Killed by its reputation for radicalism
  83. Liberalism and constitutionalism were dead
  84. Bourgeois and property owning monarchists supported constitutions
  85. Hopelessly divided they were weak and the door was open for the Bonapartists

12.59: Vienna: The Nationalist Revolution in Central Europe and Italy

1. The Austrian Empire in 1848

  1. Consisted of three major areas: Austria, Bohemia, and Hungary
  2. Consisted of numerous nationalities: Germans, Magyars, and Slavs
  3. Some areas had highly interlaced populations of diverse groups
  4. Germans occupied Austria and scattered into other places
  5. Czechs (Slavs) occupied Bohemia and Moravia
  6. Magyars were dominant in Hungary
  7. Slavs were interspersed and divided
  8. Band of Romanians, Magyars, and Germans divided southern and northern Slavs
  9. Large differences existed between cultures
  10. Vienna served as the political authority over the diverse empire
  11. Habsburgs influence was felt throughout Germany
  12. Carlsbad Decrees
  13. Habsburg influence was also felt throughout Italy
  14. Italy is more a geographic region
  15. Metternich was unsuccessful in dealing with rising tide of nationalism
  16. Promoted a benevolent government with an official bureaucracy
  17. Antiquated ideas about government proved to be unsatisfactory for rising nationalistic interests
  1. The March Days
  2. 3/1848 Hungary under Kossuth rises in revolution
  3. Students in Vienna follow with barricades and resistance
  4. Metternich fled to England
  5. Rioting in Berlin lead to call for a constitution
  6. Hungary declares its independence
  7. Venice declares itself independent
  8. Charles Albert of Savoy granted a constitution and claims Lombardy-Venetia
  9. Everywhere the call for civil liberties, constitutions, abolition of serfdom, and broad suffrage is made
  10. The Turning of the Tide after June
  11. Old governments rebound
  12. Revolutionary leaders were not very strong
  13. Middle class interests were not as developed as in western Europe
  14. Intellectuals were leaders; not social and economic interests
  15. Working class was not as literate or organized as they needed
  16. Liberated nationalities began to disagree
  17. The peasants were free and no longer interested in revolution
  18. The armies were not strongly nationalistic and turned the tide
  19. German assembly met at Frankfurt
  20. Idea of a German state are formulating
  21. Threat of an all German state gave rise to pan-Slavism
  22. Pan Slav assembly
  23. Prague June 1848
  24. Anti-German
  25. Pro-Austrian empire
  26. a vehicle to preserve Slavic interests
  27. Germans of Bohemia lean toward Frankfurt
  28. Czechs of Bohemia lean toward Prague
  29. Victories of the Counterrevolution, June-December, 1848
  30. Ferdinand moves against the national movements
  31. Prague is attacked by the army under Windischgratz
  32. Habsburg control is quickly asserted
  33. the Slav congress is dispersed
  34. Italy is attacked by the army under Radetsky
  35. Lombardy and Venetia were restored
  36. In Hungary ethnic minorities rebel against Magyar supremacy
  37. Jelachich is made commander against the Magyars by Ferdinand
  38. Vienna anticipates the military intervention and as swell of revolutionary activity forced Ferdinand to flee
  39. Windischgratz intervenes and Vienna is recaptured
  40. Ferdinand abdicates
  41. His promises would be more easily repudiated by his successor
  42. Francis Joseph becomes Emperor until 1916
  43. Final Outburst and Repression 1849
  44. Last gasp of revolutionary activity is suppressed
  45. 100,000 Russian troops put down the last of the Magyar revolt
  46. Habsburg authority was reasserted over nationalists
  47. Antirevolutionsim became the order of the day
  48. Distance between Pope and liberalism increased
  49. Reliance on military force
  50. Root out constitutionalism and nationalism
  51. Austrian Germans will turn to Frankfurt under oppression
  52. Bach system is employed
  53. Become a model of administrative efficiency
  54. Built roads, free trade, upheld emancipation
  55. Still many remembered the brief “Spring” of liberalism

12.60 Frankfurt and Berlin: The Question of a Liberal Germany

1. The German States

  1. Frankfurt Assembly is struggling to create a democratic Germany
  2. The failure to do so during the mid-19th century contributes to challenges for Europe
  3. Obstacles to Unification
  4. Traditions of independence
  5. Desire to maintain sovereignty
  6. Large states of Prussia and Austria were threatened by one another
  7. Small states maintained their independence through balance of power tactics
  8. German dualism
  9. Polarity between Berlin and Vienna
  10. German question abated during the threat of Napoleon
  11. Junkers enjoyed status and autonomy within Prussia
  12. Western regions perceived Prussia and uncouth and eastern
  1. Berlin: Failure of the Revolution in Prussia
  2. Frederick William the III and IV refused constitutionalism
  3. Existing government was efficient, progressive, and fair
  4. Strong education system
  5. High literacy rates
  6. Government used mercantilist methods of planning the economy
  7. Established the tariff union Zollverein
  8. eventually included almost all Germany
  9. 3/1848 riots break out
  10. Frederick William IV first uses the military (Junkers)
  11. Then calls off the military and calls for elections
  12. all-Prussian legislative assembly
  13. Assembly is radial in response to anti-Junker lower classes
  14. Largely influenced by eastern interests
  15. Perceive Russia as the center of reaction in Europe
  16. Problems
  17. Assembly grants political autonomy to the Poles of West Prussia
  18. Germans intermixed with Poles refuse to recognize Poles authority
  19. Military in the region sides with the Germans
  20. Crushes the Polish institutions
  21. Power clearly lies in the military (Junkers) and the revolution is over
  22. The Frankfurt Assembly
  23. Bypasses existing sovereignties
  24. Representatives are sent from all the states
  25. However the Assembly had to power
  26. No military
  27. No civil administration
  28. Became dependent on the support of the states it was trying to supercede
  29. 5/1848 Assembly met
  30. representatives are professionals and intellectuals
  31. they wanted a liberal, self-governing, federally unified, and democratic Germany
  32. Peaceable, legalistic, non-violent
  33. Timing of the assembly is too late
  34. fear of social revolution is fueling reactionary attitudes
  35. Revolution could not be achieved with out the link between classes
  36. Riots in Frankfurt are repressed by the Assembly and calls out the Prussian army to keep the peace
  37. Afterward the Assembly is dependent on the Prussian Army
  38. Questions of territory
  39. Most difficult question faced by the Assembly
  40. What is Germany?
  41. What are the borders to be?
  42. Great Germans: Austria and Habsburg Monarchy
  43. Little Germans: No Austria and Hohenzollern Monarchy
  44. Dependence on Austrian and Prussian armies
  45. Frankfurt Assembly desired to retain non-German peoples in the new Germany
  46. These people were feeling national ambitions of their own
  47. Support Windischgratz against the Czechs
  48. Approved of Prussian moves against Poles
  49. Supported the Prussian army against the Berlin Assembly
  50. Depends on the army in war against Denmark (Schleswig)
  51. Prussian army makes peace to avoid a conflict with Russia and England over the Gulf of Riga
  52. When radical riots broke out against the Junkers and the Frankfurt Assembly calls in the Prussian army
  53. The Failure of the Frankfurt Assembly
  54. Awakening nationalities failed to respect each other
  55. Quarreling with each other helped the return of the old order
  56. Frankfurt issued a Declaration of the Rights of the German People (not man)
  57. Offered the crown of “Germany” to Frederick William IV
  58. Accepting the crown would mean
  59. Internal unrest from the Junkers
  60. Forcing his title over the smaller states that had the real power
  61. Challenging Austria and the threat of war
  62. FW IV declined saying he could not “pick up a crown from the gutter”
  63. If he was to be emperor it would have to come from the Princes
  64. Most of the Assembly dissolves
  65. Part of what remains calls for riots and elections
  66. Junker army moves in and the Assembly is driven out of Frankfurt
  67. Failures of German liberalism contributed to the estrangement between Germany and western Europe
  68. The Prussian Constitution of 1850
  69. FW IV produces a constitution
  70. Single parliament for all regions in Prussia
  71. Controlled by east Elbian Junkers
  72. Rising industrials will share power with Junkers
  73. Somewhat progressive for 1850
  74. Outpaced by western constitutions that are more liberal
  75. Becomes a symbol of reaction
  76. Gives industrialists and large land owners a position of special privilege within the state

12.61: The New Toughness of Mind: Realism, Positivism, Marxism

1. The springtime of peoples was followed by chilling blasts of winter

  1. Major accomplishment of 1848 revolutions was emancipation of peasantry
  2. However, peasantry showed little concern for constitutional or bourgeois ideas
  3. Result strengthened the forces of political counterrevolution
  4. A new toughness of mind emerges
  5. Idealism and romanticism are out
  6. Revolutionaries became less optimistic
  7. Conservatives became more willing to exercise repression
  8. Realism becomes the watchword
  9. Labor shifts to the organization of unions
  1. Materialism, Realism, Positivism
  2. Materialism
  3. Every thing real is an outgrowth of physical or physiological forces
  4. In the arts it was called realism
  5. Realism
  6. describe and reproduce life as it exists
  7. Madame Bovary, Flaubert
  8. precise, unsentimental, literal
  9. Trust in science and scientific knowledge grows
  10. natural and social world
  11. increased skepticism
  12. role of religion is examined
  13. Positivism (reaction to metaphysical abstractions of the revolutions)
  14. Auguste Comte Positive Philosophy
  15. Insistence on verifiable facts
  16. Avoidance of wishful thinking
  17. A questioning of all assumptions
  18. A dislike of un-provable generalizations
  19. Demands observational facts
  20. Tests of ideas
  21. Try to be humanly useful
  22. Led to growth of social sciences
  23. Politics of Positivism
  24. Realpolitik
  25. In domestic affairs
  26. people should give up utopian ideals
  27. people should be thankful of for orderly, hard working government
  28. For radicals it meant use the tools of politics to reform rather than leaning on utopian ideals
  29. In international affairs
  30. Governments should follow their practical interests
  31. Make any alliances that seemed useful
  32. Disregard ethical theories and scruples
  33. Use any practical means to achieve their ends
  34. War was accepted as a strategic option sometimes needed to achieve a political purpose
  35. a tool of realistic statesmanship
  36. Not confined to Germany
  37. Early Marxism
  38. Marx:
  39. Son of a lawyer in western Prussia
  40. Disappointed revolutionary
  41. Engels
  42. Son of German textile manufacturer
  43. Sent to England to manage family interests
  44. Marx and Engels met in Paris and began their collaboration
  45. Joined the Communist League in 1847
  46. League called for liberal reforms
  47. Some community ownership of major national resources
  48. League was crushed by counter-revolutionary forces
  49. 1848 Communist Manifesto
  50. Marx and Engels return to England after 1848 revolutions
  51. 1867 Marx publishes Capital
  52. Sources of Content of Marxism
  53. German philosophy
  54. Believed that the course of history would lead to a free society (Hegel – Prussia)
  55. French Revolutionism
  56. Believed that The promise of the French Revolution had not yet been reached
  57. Social and economic equality did not follow civil and legal equality
  58. British Industrialism
  59. Alienation of labor
  60. True freedom would become possible when private property in capital goods was abolished
  61. Engels The Condition of the Working Classes in England
  62. Depressed condition of labor was an actual fact
  63. Labor received a relatively small share of the national income
  64. Much of the wealth was being reinvested in capital goods as private property of private persons but not labor
  65. Government was in the hands of the well off
  66. Religion was a tool to keep the masses in order
  67. The family was disintegrating within the labor class
  68. Women and children working
  69. Overcrowding in living quarters
  70. These conditions were dramatized in the Communist Manifesto
  71. A summons to revolution
  72. Class struggle in Paris seemed to confirm Marx and Engels’ beliefs
  73. Believed the proletariat would rise against the bourgeoisie
  74. Meant to be inflammatory
  75. Workers are deprived of the wealth they created
  76. State is a committee of the bourgeoisie for the exploitation of people
  77. Religion was a drug to keep the worker quietly dreaming
  78. Workers should be loyal to nothing except their own class
  79. Workers every where had the same problem
  80. The proletarians have nothing to lose but their chains. Workers of the world unite!
  81. British political economy
  82. Marx believed that revolution would be the result of coalescing historical forces – not made
  83. Believed the subsistence or Iron Law of wages
  84. Therefore, no future existed for labor
  85. Labor theory of value
  86. The value of any human made object depended ultimately on the amount of labor put into it
  87. Therefore capital is stored up labor
  88. Therefore workers never receive the full measure of the wealth they produce and can not afford the goods on the market
  89. Therefore capitalism will fail from overproduction and cause economic down swings and the constant pursuit of new markets
  90. With every economic down swing Marx believed revolution was nearer
  91. Dialectical materialism
  92. All change comes through the clash of antagonistic elements
  93. Historical development is the result of conditions created by the interaction of such forces
  94. The resultant conditions give birth to ideas (Conditions are the roots; ideas are the trees)
  95. Historical development
  96. Conditions/relations of production give rise to economic classes
  97. Agrarian conditions produce a landholding class
  98. Commercial conditions produce a merchant or bourgeois class
  99. Each class develops an ideology suited to its needs
  100. Religion, government, laws and morals reflect the outlook of the class in power
  101. The two classes clash
  102. Bourgeois revolutions against feudal interests break out
  103. As the bourgeois (Capital) class asserts itself it calls into being its dialectical antithesis
  104. The proletariat (Labor) emerges
  105. Capital tends to consolidate into fewer hands
  106. Displaced members of the bourgeois transfer into the proletariat
  107. Proletariat eventually expropriates the expropriators and abolishes private property in the means of production
  108. A classless society is the result
  109. The state and religion (bourgeois creations) wither
  110. A dictatorship of the proletariat exists until the state withers
  111. Class war is the struggle between the labor and capital
  112. Labor needs the intellectual to recognize the ploys of the bourgeoisie
  113. Workers must maintain solidarity
  114. To improve labor they must stick together
  115. Individuals that seek to improve themselves are moving toward the bourgeoisie
  116. Labor should not negotiate with capital
  117. Labor should not put faith in existing government institutions that favor the bourgeoisie (law or the will of the strongest)
  118. The appeal of Marxism: Its strength and weaknesses
  119. Advantages
  120. Claim to be scientific
  121. Rested upon the study of actual facts and real processes
  122. Socialism would not be a miraculous reversal but a historical continuation of what was already taking place
  123. Did not speculate on the future socialist society
  124. Disadvantages
  125. The working people of Europe
  126. Not in the frame of mind of an army in battle
  127. Hesitated to subordinate all else to class revolution
  128. Not exclusively class-people
  129. Religion was still alive as well as “natural law” ideas
  130. National loyalties to country (not workers of the world)
  131. Opportunism
  132. Cure for the 1848 revolutions was greater participation in existing processes
  133. abolition of serfdom
  134. rising wages
  135. expansion of the vote
  136. organization of labor unions to pressure employers
  137. led to opportunism or dealing with employers and using existing state institutions
  138. Opportunism led to diminished impact of Marx’s ideas
  139. Lenin would breath new life into class conflict with Leninism

12.62: Bonapartism: The Second French Empire, 1852 – 1870