Community Gardening on Brownfields Toolbox

Community Gardening on Brownfields Toolbox

Appendix A

Articles Concerning General Information about Community Gardening

Basta, N.T., and S.L. McGowen, 2004, Evaluation of chemical immobilization treatments for reducing heavy metal transport in a smelter-contaminated soil, Environmental Pollution 127 (1):73-82.

Brandt CA, Rickard WH, 1996, Detection of metal contamination in wild asparagus near a waste disposal site, Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, Vol: 43, Issue: 3, Pages: 201-216.

Brown S, Chaney R, Hallfrisch J, Ryan JA, Berti, WR., 2004, In situ soil treatments to reduce the phyto- and bioavailability of lead, zinc and cadmium, J. Environ. Qual. 33:522–531 (2004).

Chaney, R, et al, 1997, Pathway analysis of terrestrial risks from PCBs in land-applied biosolids based on field measured transfer coefficients, conference proceedings, management of fate of toxic organics in sludge applied to land, Apr 30 to May 2, 1997, Copenhagen, Denmark.

Chaney RL, Nicholas T. Basta, and James A. Ryan, 2008, Element bioavailability and bioaccessibility in soils: What is known now, and what are the significant data gaps?,State of the Science: Bioavailability Issues in Soils.

Hettiarachchi, G.M. and G.M. Pierzynski, 2004, Soil lead bioavailability and in situ remediation of lead-contaminated soils: A review, Environ. Progress 23:78-93.

Hoefkens C, 2009, A literature-based comparison of nutrient and contaminant contents between organic and conventional vegetables and potatoes, British Food Journal, Volume: 111, Issue: 10, Pages: 1078-1097.

Scheckel, K.G., R.L. Chaney, N.T. Basta and J.A. Ryan., 2009, Advances in assessing bioavailability of metal(loid)s in contaminated soils. Adv. Agron. 107:10-52.

Wixson, B.G., and B.E. Davies., 1994, Guidelines for lead in soil: Proposal of the society of environmental geochemistry, Environ. Sci. Technol. 28:26A-31A.

Zwonitzer J, et al, 2003, Effects of phosphorous additions on lead, cadmium, and zinc bioavailabilities in a metal-contaminated soil, Water, Air, and Soil Pollution 143: 193–209, 2003.

Guidelines for Water Reuse, EPA, EPA/625/R-04/108 September 2004

Table 2-7. Recommended Limits for Constituents in Reclaimed Water for Irrigation

Constituent / Long-Term Use (mg/l) / Short-Term Use (mg/l) / Remarks
Aluminum / 5.0 / 20 / Can cause nonproductiveness in acid soils, but soils at pH 5.5 to 8.0 will precipitate the ion and eliminate toxicity.
Arsenic / 0.10 / 2.0 / Toxicity to plants varies widely, ranging from 12 mg/L for Sudan grass to less than 0.05 mg/L for rice.
Beryllium / 0.10 / 0.5 / Toxicity to plants varies widely, ranging from 5 mg/L for kale to 0.5 mg/L for bush beans.
Boron / 0.75 / 2.0 / Essential to plant growth, with optimum yields for many obtained at a few-tenths mg/L in nutrient solutions. Toxic to many sensitive plants (e.g., citrus) at 1 mg/L. Usually sufficient quantities in reclaimed water to correct soil deficiencies. Most grasses are relatively tolerant at 2.0 to 10 mg/L.
Cadmium / 0.01 / 0.05 / Toxic to beans, beets, and turnips at concentrations as low as 0.1 mg/L in nutrient solution. Conservative limits recommended.
Chromium / 0.1 / 1.0 / Not generally recognized as an essential growth element. Conservative limits recommended due to lack of knowledge on toxicity to plants.
Cobalt / 0.05 / 5.0 / Toxic to tomato plants at 0.1 mg/L in nutrient solution. Tends to be inactivated by neutral and alkaline soils.
Copper / 0.2 / 5.0 / Toxic to a number of plants at 0.1 to 1.0 mg/L in nutrient solution.
Fluoride / 1.0 / 15.0 / Inactivated by neutral and alkaline soils.
Iron / 5.0 / 20.0 / Not toxic to plants in aerated soils, but can contribute to soil acidification and loss of essential phosphorus and molybdenum.
Lead / 5.0 / 10.0 / Can inhibit plant cell growth at very high concentrations.
Lithium / 2.5 / 2.5 / Tolerated by most crops at concentrations up to 5 mg/L; mobile in soil. Toxic to citrus at low doses - recommended limit is 0.075 mg/L.
Manganese / 0.2 / 10.0 / Toxic to a number of crops at a few-tenths to a few mg/L in acidic soils.
Molybdenum / 0.01 / 0.05 / Nontoxic to plants at normal concentrations in soil and water. Can be toxic to livestock if forage is grown in soils with high levels of available molybdenum.
Nickel / 0.2 / 2.0 / Toxic to a number of plants at 0.5 to 1.0 mg/L; reduced toxicity at neutral or alkaline pH.
Selenium / 0.02 / 0.02 / Toxic to plants at low concentrations and to livestock if forage is grown in soils with low levels of selenium.
Tin, Tungsten, & Titanium / - / - / Effectively excluded by plants; specific tolerance levels unknown
Vanadium / 0.1 / 1.0 / Toxic to many plants at relatively low concentrations.
Zinc / 2.0 / 10.0 / Toxic to many plants at widely varying concentrations; reduced toxicity at increased pH (6 or above) and in fine-textured or organic soils.
Constituent / Recommended Limit / Remarks
pH / 6.0 / Most effects of pH on plant growth are indirect (e.g., pH effects on heavy metals’ toxicity described above).
TDS / 500 - 2,000 mg/l / Below 500 mg/L, no detrimental effects are usually noticed. Between 500 and 1,000 mg/L, TDS in irrigation water can affect sensitive plants. At 1,000 to 2,000 mg/L, TDS levels can affect many crops and careful management practices should be followed. Above 2,000 mg/L, water can be used regularly only for tolerant plants on permeable soils.
Free Chlorine Residual / <1 mg/l / Concentrations greater than 5 mg/l causes severe damage to most plants. Some sensitive plants may be damaged at levels as low as 0.05 mg/l.

Articles Based on Contaminant

Bhuei, et al, 2005, Modeling the environmental fate of manganese from methylcyclopentadienyl, Sci Total Environ. 2005 Mar 1;339(1-3):167-78.(Magnese)

Brown S, et al, 2003, Effect of biosolids processing on lead bioavailability in an urban soil, J. Environ. Qual. 32:100–108 (2003). (Lead)

Bruno Francisco Sant'Anna-Santos, Aristéa Alves Azevedo, 2010, Toxicity and fluoride accumulation in herbs grown in the vicinity of an aluminum plant, Acta Botanica Brasilica Vol 24, Issue 4, 952-963, Oct-Dec 2010. (Flouride)

Chaney, R, et al, 1984, The potential for heavy metal exposure from urban gardens and soils, pp 37-84. In J.R. Preer (ed.) Proc. Symp. Heavy Metals in Urban Gardens. Univ. Dist. Columbia Extension Service, Washington, DC. (Lead)

Chaney R, W. Nelson Beyer, Carol H. Gifford, and Louis Sileo, 1988, Effects of zinc smelter emissions on farms and gardens at Palmerton, Pa., Trace Subst. Environ. Health 22:263-280. (Cadmium, Zinc, Lead, Nickel, Copper, Iron)

Chaney, R, et al, 2004, An improved understanding of soil Cd risk to humans and low cost methods to phytoextract Cd from contaminated soils to prevent soil Cd risks, BioMetals 17: 549–553, 2004.(Cadmium, Iron, Zinc, Calcium - Heavy Metals)

Chaney RL, C. Leigh Broadhurst , and Tiziana Centofanti, 2010, Chapter 14: Phytoremediation of Soil Trace Elements, “Trace Elements in Soils”, to be published by Wiley/Blackwell in 2010 edited by Dr. Peter Hooda. (Nickel, Selenium, Cadmium, Cobalt, Boron, Mercury, Gold, Lead, Arsenic, Cesium)

Chhikara, S, et al., 2010, Understanding the physiological and molecular mechanism of persistent organic pollutant uptake and detoxification in cucurbit species (Zucchini and Squash), Environ. Sci. Technol. 2010, 44, 7295–7301. (POPs)

Clark, Helen et al, 2006, Sources, sinks, and exposure pathways of lead in urban garden soil, J. Environ. Qual. 35:2066–2074 (2006).(Lead)

Collins, RN, Kinsela, A, 2010, Pedogenic factors and measurements of the plant uptake of cobalt, Plant Soil (2011) 339:499–512. (Cobalt)

de Livera J et al, 2011, Cadmium solubility in paddy soils: Effects of soil oxidation, metal sulfides and competitive ions, Science of the Total Environment 409 (2011) 1489–1497. (Cadmium)

Doucette, WJ, et al, 2007, Trichloroethylene uptake into fruits and vegetables: A three year monitoring study, Environ. Sci. Technol. 2007, 41, 2505-2509. (TCE)

Fan, JL et al, 2010, Cadmium accumulation in potato tubers produced in Quebec, Canadian Journal of Soil Science Vol: 89 Issue: 4, Pages: 435-443. (Cadmium)

Finster ME, et al, 2004, Metal sources in soils, Science of the Total Environment, 320 (2004) 245-257. (Lead)

Franzblau A, et al, 2010, Case Report: The University of Michigan dioxin exposure study: A follow-up investigation of a case with high serum concentration of 2,3,4,7,8- 2,3,4,7,8-Pentachlorodibenzofuran, Environmental Health Perspectives volume: 118, number 9, September 2010. (Dioxin)

Friesl, W et al, 2006, Remediation of contaminated agricultural soils near a former Pb/Zn smelter in Austria: Batch, pot and field experiments, Environmental Pollution 144 (2006) 40e50. (Lead, Cadmium)

G. B. Freeman, GB, et al, 1992, Relative bioavailability of lead from mining waste soil in rats, Fundamental and Applied Toxicology 19, 388-398 (1992). (Lead)

Greenwood, S, et al, 2011, The absorption and translocation of Polychlorinated Biphenyl Congeners in Cucurbita pepo, Environ. Sci. Technol. 2011, 45, 6511–651. (PCBs)

Groom, C et al, 2002, Accumulation of HMX in indigenous and agricultural plants Grown in HMX-contaminated anti-tank firing range soils, Environ. Sci. Technol. 2002, 36, 112-118. (HMX)

Harris Ns and GJ Taylor, 2004, Cadmium uptake and translocation in seedlings of near isogenic lines of durum wheat that differ in grain cadmium accumulation, BMC Plant Biology 2004, 4:4. (Cadmium)

Hao, Xiuzhen, 2011, Accumulation of Cu, Zn, Pb, and Cd in edible parts of four commonly grown crops in two contaminated soils, International Journal of Phytoremediation, Vol 13, Issue 3, Pages: 289-301. (Cu, Zn, Pb, and Cd)

Hibben, Craig R, et al, 1984, Comparison of cadmium and lead content of vegetable crops grown in urban and suburban gardens, Environmental Pollution Series B, Chemical and Physical, Volume 7, Issue 1, 1984, Pages 71-80. (Cd, Pb)

Javorska H, et al, 2011, Distribution of polychlorinated biphenyl congeners in root vegetables, Polish Journal of Environmental Sciences, Vol 20, Issue 1, Pages 93-99. (PCBs)

Khan S., et al, 2008, Accumulation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and heavy metals in lettuce grown in the soils contaminated with long-term wastewater irrigation, Journal of Hazardous Materials 152 (2008) 506–515. (PAH, metals (Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb))

Kobayashi R, Robert A. Okamotob, Randy L. Maddalenac, Norman Y. Kado, 2008, Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in edible grain: A pilot study of agricultural crops as a human exposure pathway for environmental contaminants using wheat as a model crop, Environmental Research 107 (2008) 145–151. (PAH)

Lima FS, et al, 2009, Lead concentration and allocation in vegetable crops grown in a soil contaminated by battery residues, Horticultura Brasileira 27:362-365. (Lead)

Lunney, Alissa I. et al, 2010, Effect of organic matter additions on uptake of weathered DDT by Cucurbita pepo ssp pepo cv. Howden, International Journal of Phytoremediation, Vol: 12Issue: 4Pages: 404-417. (DDT)

Mardones, C. et al, 2009, Tribromophenol and pentachlorophenol uptake from sawdust to horticultural products, food additives and contaminants Part-A chemistry analysis control exposure and risk, Vol: 26, Issue: 10, Pages: 1362-1371. (2,4,6-tribromophenol (TBP), pentachlorophenol (PCP), and its metabolite pentachloroanisole (PCA)

Mattina, MJI, et al, 2000, Chlordane uptake and its translocation in food crops, J. Agriculture and Food Chemistry, 48 (5), pp 1909–1915. (chlordane)

Miller J.R. et al, 2004, Heavy metal contamination of water, soil and produce within riverine communities of the Rio Pilcomayo basin, Bolivia, Science of the Total Environment Volume: 320 Issue: 2-3 Pages: 189-209. (Pb, Zn, Hg, Cu, Sb, Cd and Ag)

Murray, H. et al, 2011, Compost application affects metal uptake in plants grown in urban garden soils and potential human health risk, J Soils Sediments (2011) 11:815–829. (Cadmium, copper, lead, zinc)

Namgay, Tshewang et al, 2010, Influence of biochar application to soil on the availability of As, Cd, Cu, Pb and Zinc to maize, AUSTRALIAN JOURNAL OF SOIL RESEARCH. (Arsenic, Cadmium, Copper, Lead, zinc)

Nawrot, TS, et al, 2010, Cadmium exposure in the population: from health risks to strategies of prevention, Biometals (2010) 23:769–782. (Cadmium)

Rahman, Farzana and Ravi Naidu, 2009, The influence of arsenic speciation (AsIII & AsV) and concentration on the growth, uptake and translocation of arsenic in vegetable crops (silverbeet and amaranth): a greenhouse study, Environ Geochem Health (2009) 31:115–124. (Arsenic)

Sauvea, Sébastien, , Nicola Cooka, William H. Hendershota and Murray B. McBrideb, 1996, Linking plant tissue concentrations and soil copper pools in urban contaminated soils, Environmental Pollution, Vol 94, Issue 2, Pages 153-157. (Copper)

Schecter, A et al, 2010, Perfluorinated compounds, polychlorinated biphenyls, and organochlorine pesticide contamination in composite food samples from Dallas, Texas, USA, Environ Health Perspect 118:796-802. (PFOA)

Wilson, SC, Peter V. Lockwood, Paul M. Ashley, Matthew Tighe, 2010, The chemistry and behaviour of antimony in the soil environment with comparisons to arsenic: a critical review, Environmental Pollution 158 (2010) 1169–1181. (Antimony (compared to arsenic))

Wolnik, KA, et al, 1983, Elements in major raw agricultural crops in the United States. 1. cadmium and lead in lettuce, peanuts, potatoes, soybeans, sweet corn, and wheat, J. Agric. Food Chem. 1983, 31, 1240-1244. (Pb, Cadmium)