Nome da disciplina: / Democratização em perspectiva comparada: entre consolidação e crise
Course title: / Democratization in comparative perspective: between consolidation and crisis
Docente Responsável: / Contato:
Profa. Dra. Brigitte Weiffen /
Objectives
For many decades, political and other social scientists have been interested in the emergence, survival and collapse of democracies. They have presented numerous explanatory approaches emphasizing economic development, social change, culture, the role of political elites, institutions, international dynamics such as globalization and diffusion, or different combinations of these factors. Recently, the initial optimism that greeted the onset of the “Third Wave” of democratization has cooled with the instability of many new democracies and the stabilization of competitive authoritarian regimes. These disappointments have led to a stronger focus on constraints posed by underdevelopment, persistent inequality, ethno-religious cleavages, or weak institutions. A variety of research methods were applied in order to empirically substantiate these explanatory approaches.
The course will present a broad overview of comparative democratization, discussing both ‘classic’ and more recent contributions. In particular, it will explore:
- Concepts and measures of democracy
- Core theoretical paradigms explaining the emergence and survival of democracy
- Recent trends in research on democratization, presenting new evidence on domestic-level factors and influences from the outside world, and in what ways they contribute to (or hinder) democratization
- Alternative outcomes, i.e. the notion that transitions from authoritarian rule do not necessarily lead to democracy
Objetivos:
Por muitas décadas, cientistas políticas e sociais têm se interessado na emergência, sobrevivência e colapso das democracias. Eles têm apresentado várias abordagens explicativas enfatizando o desenvolvimento econômico, a mudança social, a cultura, o papel das elites políticas, instituições, dinâmicas internacionais, tais como a globalização e difusão, ou diferentes combinações desses fatores. Recentemente, o otimismo inicial da "terceira onda" de democratização esfriou frente à instabilidade de muitas novas democracias e à estabilização de regimes autoritários competitivas. Essas decepções levaram a um foco mais forte sobre restrições impostas pelo subdesenvolvimento, a desigualdade persistente, clivagens étnico-religiosos ou instituições fracas. Uma variedade de métodos de pesquisa foram aplicados a fim de substanciar empiricamente estas abordagens explicativas.
A disciplina apresentará uma visão ampla de democratização comparativa, discutindo contribuições 'clássicos' e mais recentes. Em particular, explorará:
- Conceitos e medições de democracia
- Paradigmas teóricos fundamentais que explicam o surgimento e a sobrevivência da democracia
- Tendências recentes na pesquisa sobre a democratização, apresentando novas evidências sobre fatores de nível nacional e influências do mundo exterior, e de que forma elas contribuem para (ou atrapalham) a democratização
- Resultados alternativos, ou seja, a noção de que transições de regimens autoritários não necessariamente conduzem à democracia
Justification:
The explanation of the emergence, survival and collapse of democracies is one of the central puzzles in political science. It spans all subfields of political science and spills over into law, economics, and sociology. Studying democratization in comparative perspective will familiarize students with different perspectives on political regime types, their emergence and their trajectory. Because different theoretical approaches in comparative democratization are associated with a preference for different methodological approaches and data sources, the seminar will also be relevant for the practical aspect of choosing the appropriate research design and research methods for dealing with a particular question.
The course will put a strong emphasis on comparison and look at processes of democratization and regime change in different regions of the world, including not only Latin America and Europe, but also (depending on students’ interests) Sub Sahara Africa, the Middle East, and/or Asia. Considering these vastly different backgrounds, another objective of the course is to ask how far theories and generalizations can travel and whether the quest for an overarching theory of democracy and democratization may be misguided. Given that the political developments in particular countries and the world are the subject of intense public debate, the course will also invite students to take some of the puzzles addressed in our meetings beyond the comfortable confines of academia and revisit political science theories in light of real world events.
Justificativa:
A explicação da emergência, sobrevivência e colapso das democracias é um dos interrogatórios centrais na ciência política. Abrange todos os subcampos da ciência política e transborda para direito, economia e sociologia. Estudar a democratização na perspectiva comparativa familiarizará os alunos com diferentes perspectivas sobre tipos de regime político, sua emergência e sua trajetória. Dado que as abordagens teóricas diferentes da democratização comparativa estão associados com uma preferência por diferentes abordagens metodológicos e fontes de dados, o curso também será relevante para o aspecto prático de escolher o desenho de pesquisa e os métodos adequados para lidar com uma questão particular.
A disciplina colocará uma forte ênfase na comparação e olhará para os processos de democratização e de mudança de regime em diferentes regiões do mundo, incluindo não só a América Latina e Europa, mas também (dependendo dos interesses dos alunos) Sub Sahara África, o Oriente Médio, e/ou Ásia. Considerando estes condições de fundo muito diferentes, outro objetivo do curso será perguntar até que ponto as teorias e generalizações podem viajar e se a busca por uma teoria abrangente da democracia e democratização pode ser um caminho equivocado. Considerando que a evolução da situação política em determinados países e no mundo são objecto de intenso debate público, o curso também convidará os alunos a levar alguns dos interrogatórios abordados em nossos encontros para além dos limites confortáveis da academia e revisitar as teorias da ciência política à luz de eventos reais no mundo.
Content:
Part I: Democracy: Concept and measurement
1. What is democracy? Presentation of the course and introduction
2. Conceptualizing and measuring democracy
Part II: Explaining democratization: Theoretical approaches
3. Structure-based approaches
4. Agency-centered approaches
5. Historical-comparative approaches
Part III: Recent trends in research on democratization
6. Institutional and political determinants
7. Values, attitudes and the role of civil society
8. Structural approaches revisited
9. Globalization and the diffusion of democracy
10. External actors and democracy promotion
Part IV: Is democracy the only game in town?
11. Democratic decline and crisis
12. Competitive authoritarianism and authoritarian reversals
Conteúdo:
Parte I: Democracia: Conceitos e medição
1. O que é a democracia? Apresentação do curso e introdução
2. Conceitualização e medição da democracia
Parte II: Explicações da democratização: Abordagens teóricas
3. Abordagens estruturais
4. Abordagens centradas em atores
5. Abordagens histórico-comparativas
Parte III: Tendências recentes na pesquisa sobre a democratização
6. Determinantes institucionais e políticos
7. Valores, atitudes e o papel da sociedade civil
8. Revisão de abordagens estruturais
9. Globalização e a difusão da democracia
10. Actores externos e promoção da democracia
Parte IV: A democracia como ‘único jogo na cidade’?
11. Declínio e crise da democracia
12. Autoritarismo competitivo e reversões autoritárias
Requirements and grading:
Participation in class discussions, presentation , final paper
Forma de avaliação:
Participação em sala de aula, apresentação, trabalho final
Observation:
The course will be conducted in English.
Observação:
A disciplina será ministrada em inglês.
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