Electronic Supplementary Material

A Noninvasive Method for Estimating Nitrogen Balance in Free-Ranging Primates

Erin R. Vogel · Brooke E. Crowley · Cheryl D. Knott · Melissa D. Blakely · Michael D. Larsen · Nathaniel J. Dominy

Table SI Distribution across individuals of urine samples analyzed for this study

Individual / Sex / Age class / Reproductive state / No. of urine samples
BE / F / Adult / Lactating / 2
EL / F / Adult / Lactating / 3
KR / F / Adult / Lactating / 2
MA / F / Adult / Lactating / 4
BE / F / Adult / Not pregnant / 2
EL / F / Adult / Not pregnant / 2
KA / F / Adult / Not pregnant / 2
KR / F / Adult / Not pregnant / 2
MA / F / Adult / Not pregnant / 8
SA / F / Adult / Not pregnant / 1
SH / F / Adult / Not pregnant / 2
SE / F / Adult / Not pregnant / 1
BE / F / Adult / Pregnant / 3
KR / F / Adult / Pregnant / 4
KY / F / Immature / Not pregnant / 1
MI / F / Immature / Not pregnant / 3
UF2 / F / Immature / Not pregnant / 2
UF1 / F / Mature / Not pregnant / 1
BF / M / Adult flanged / N/A / 4
FR / M / Adult flanged / N/A / 5
JM / M / Adult flanged / N/A / 2
RY / M / Adult flanged / N/A / 1
RN / M / Adult flanged / N/A / 13
TB / M / Adult flanged / N/A / 4
BI / M / Adult unflanged / N/A / 2
JA / M / Adult unflanged / N/A / 1
LI / M / Adult unflanged / N/A / 1
RO / M / Adult unflanged / N/A / 3
SU / M / Immature / N/A / 3

Table SII Effect of fruit availability on corrected urea concentration (μM/μM creatinine)

Fixed effect model / AIC / Log-like / R2 / Adj. R2 / FAI coeff. / SE / df / t / p-value
Urea conc. ~ FAI + sex + reproductive state / 255.1 / –121.5 / 0.129 / 0.094 / 6.508 / 2.054 / 49 / 3.17 / 0.0026
Urea conc. ~ FAI + sex / 253.5 / –121.8 / 0.125 / 0.089 / 6.326 / 2.024 / 50 / 3.13 / 0.0030
Urea conc. ~ FAI + reproductive state / 253.2 / –121.6 / 0.128 / 0.093 / 6.473 / 2.037 / 49 / 3.18 / 0.0026
Urea conc. ~ FAI / 252.0 / –122.0 / 0.118 / 0.082 / 6.095 / 1.991 / 50 / 3.06 / 0.0035

All models include a random effect for individual. The model with the smallest AIC value is preferred and in bold.

Table SIII Effect of fruit availability on total grams of protein ingested

Fixed effect model / AIC / Log-like / R2 / Adj. R2 / FAI coeff. / SE / df / t / p-value
totalgramsprotein~ FAI + sex + reproductive state / 70.8 / –29.4 / 0.138 / 0.099 / 1.949 / 1.070 / 22 / 1.82 / 0.08
totalgramsprotein ~ FAI + sex / 70.1 / –30.1 / 0.174 / 0.136 / 2.239 / 1.060 / 22 / 2.11 / 0.04
totalgramsprotein ~ FAI + reproductive state / 70.5 / –30.3 / 0.126 / 0.086 / 1.914 / 1.081 / 22 / 1.77 / 0.09
totalgramsprotein ~ FAI / 68.8 / –30.4 / 0.160 / 0.122 / 2.083 / 1.034 / 22 / 2.01 / 0.05

All models include a random effect for individual. The model with the smallest AIC value is preferred and in bold.

Table SIV Effect of total grams of protein ingested on corrected urea concentration (μM/μM creatinine)

Fixed effect model / AIC / Log-like / R2 / Adj. R2 / Coeff. ln_ total gramsprotein / SE / df / t / p-value
Urea conc. ~ totalgramsprotein + sex + reproductive state / 140.6 / –64.30 / 0.041 / 0.000 / –0.001 / 0.420 / 20 / 0 / 0.99
Urea conc. ~ totalgramsprotein + sex / 139.4 / –64.7 / 0.020 / 0.000 / –0.086 / 0.406 / 20 / –0.21 / 0.83
Urea conc. ~ totalgramsprotein + reproductive state / 140.0 / –65.0 / 0.003 / 0.000 / –0.099 / 0.413 / 20 / –0.24 / 0.81
Urea conc. ~ totalgramsprotein / 138.1 / –65.0 / 0.002 / 0.000 / –0.112 / 0.403 / 20 / –0.28 / 0.78

All models include a random effect for individual. The model with the smallest AIC value is preferred and in bold.

Table SV Effect of FAI on δ15N (‰)

Fixed effect model / AIC / Log-like / R2 / Adj. R2 / FAI coeff. / SE / df / t / p-value
δ15N ~ FAI + sex + reproductive state / 176.9 / –82.5 / 0.141 / 0.101 / –1.352 / 1.318 / 43 / –1.03 / 0.31
δ15N ~ FAI + sex / 177.4 / –83.7 / 0.027 / 0.000 / –1.058 / 1.325 / 44 / –0.80 / 0. 43
δ15N ~ FAI + reproductive state / 175.8 / –82.9 / 0.118 / 0.077 / –1.458 / 1.310 / 43 / –1.11 / 0.27
δ15N ~ FAI / 175.5 / –83.8 / 0.022 / 0.000 / –1.115 / 1.300 / 44 / –0.86 / 0.39

All models include a random effect for individual. The model with the smallest AIC value is preferred and in bold.

Table SVI Effect of FAI weight %N

Fixed effect model / AIC / Log-like / R2 / Adj. R2 / FAI coeff. / SE / df / t / p-value
Weight %N ~ FAI + sex + reproductive state / 321.9 / –155.0 / 0.084 / 0.042 / 0 / 3.882 / 43 / 0 / 1.00
Weight %N ~ FAI + sex / 320.3 / –155.1 / 0.000 / 0.000 / –0.276 / 3.801 / 44 / –0.07 / 0.94
Weight %N ~ FAI + reproductive state / 320.1 / –155.1 / 0.003 / 0.000 / 0.128 / 3.835 / 43 / 0.033 / 0.97
Weight %N ~ FAI / 318.3 / –155.2 / 0.000 / 0.000 / –0.191 / 3.739 / 44 / –0.05 / 0.96

All models include a random effect for individual. Model with smallest AIC value is preferred and in bold