EOC Review Book

BIOLOGY

THIS BOOK BELONGS TO ______

Use this book to study for your EOC. DO NOT lose the book;

this is your EOC study guide.

Other great resources to help you get ready for your EOC

Ø BOOT CAMP participation and material

Ø Goal Review packet we did as warm-ups in class during the 4th quarter

Ø Odyssey EOC review folder

Ø Biology Top 101 power point on my website

NOTE: to get to my website you must

1. Go to Page’s home page

2. Click on faculty and staff by department

3. Click on the science department

4. Find my name

5. Click out beside my name on website

Ø EOC-like questions from class

Ø Any other material that relates to biology that may be in your science notebook

2.01 – Organic Compounds

Fill in the chart below on organic compounds. NOTE: please use the following words when filling the row for examples

Starch Cellulose Insulin Glycogen DNA

Glucose Enzymes Hemoglobin Fats RNA

Proteins / Carbohydrates / Lipids / Nucleic Acids
Monomer
Function
(why are they important)
Examples
Picture
Test reagent / Negative test color / Positive test color
Starch
Monosaccharides
Protein

How do you know if a substance test positive for a lipid?

Plants store carbohydrates as ______.

Animals store carbohydrates as ______.

What element must all organic compounds contain? ______.

Fill in the following chart using the following words

Carbohydrates Lipids Phospholipids

DNA Monosaccharides Nucleic acids

Enzymes Polysaccharides Proteins

Fats Nucleotides RNA

2.04 – Enzymes

Enzymes are ______that

______by

______.

What are three important characteristics of enzymes?

Label the following picture using these terms

Enzyme Substrate products Enzyme-substrate complex Active site

2.02 Cells

Compare and contrast eukaryotic cells and prokaryotic cells.

What are three main organelles a plant cell has that an animal cell is lacking?

Fill in the chart below on cell structure and function.

Function / Found in plant/animal or both?
Nucleus
Cell membrane
Cell wall
Vacuole
Ribosome
Chloroplast
Mitochondria
Cytoplasm

Use the picture above to answer the following questions:

1. Label these cells (red blood cell, sperm cell, white blood cell, muscle cell, nerve cell)

2. Which cell is adapted for movement?

3. What cell organelle is very plentiful in these cells in order to provide the energy for movement?

4. Which cell has no nucleus? What is the function of this cell?

5. Which cell is involved in the immune system?

6. Which cell is adapted for transmitting messages?

Label the following cells as either plant or animal and then fill in the blanks with the corresponding cell organelle.

______cell

1. Describe the hierarchy of cell organization using the following terms: Cell, Organ, Tissue, Organ system, Organism

2. Individual cells are too small to see with the naked eye. What did we use in class in order to see individual cells?

3. What are the two types of lenses on a microscope?

4. How do you calculate total magnification?

Use the following terms to answer the questions below:

Receptor protein chemical signals hormone

5. How do cells communicate with other cells? For example, how does a nerve cell send a muscle cell a message?

6. A special protein used to stimulate a reaction in the body?

7. A substance secreted by the body to perform certain functions.

Cell Transport and maintenance of homeostasis – 2.03

1. What is homeostasis? ______

2. What cell organelle is responsible for maintaining homeostasis? ______

3. What are some things in our bodies that have to stay homeostatic? ______

Label the following picture of the cell membrane.

PASSIVE TRANPORT / ACTIVE TRANSPORT
Requires energy?
Low to high concentration or high to low concentration?
Examples

1. Explain what has happened in the diagram above.

2. Why did the large dark molecules NOT move to the left?

3. How is the semipermeable membrane like a cell membrane?

4. If the dark molecule is starch, where is the starch concentration greatest (left or right)?

5. If the white molecule is water, where is the water concentration greatest at first?

6. In osmosis, water moves from an area of ______to an area of ______concentration.

7. If the dark molecules could move, in what direction would they move? Why?

8. In diffusion, molecules move from an area of ______to an area of ______concentration.

9. What is osmotic pressure?

10. Draw arrows to show which way water will move in each of the following situations:

a. Salt inside the cell = 65% and outside the cell 40%.

b. Sugar inside the cell 27% and outside 80%.

11. A cell with a 5% solute concentration is placed in a container with a 1% solute concentration. What will happen to the cell?

12. How do plant cells and animal cells respond differently to the environments they are place in?

2.05 – Bioenergetic Reactions (photosynthesis and respiration)

Photosynthesis / Aerobic Respiration / Anaerobic Respiration
What goes in (reactants)
What goes out (products)
Where does it happen?
What organisms perform it?
Equation

1. What are some factors that might influence the rate of photosynthesis? ______

______

2. What is the form of energy produced by our cells?

______

3. What form of energy does our cells use? ______

4. What is the difference between aerobic respiration and anaerobic respiration? ______

______

5. Explain what is happening in the picture above. Make sure you tell how photosynthesis and respiration are a cycle.

______

6. What happens when we do not get enough OXYGEN to our cells?

______

7. Fill in the chart on fermentation

Lactic Acid / Alcoholic
Site of occurrence
What/Who does this
What are the products

3.01 DNA, RNA, and Protein Synthesis

DNA

1. What are the building blocks of DNA and RNA? ______

2. What are the three components of nucleotides?

______

3. What describes the shape of DNA?

______

4. Does every cell in our body contain the same set of DNA? Explain. ______

______

Label the following nucleotide with the three components you listed in question number 2.

Use the picture below to answer the questions to the right.

5. What does the box in the bottom left corner represent?

______

6. What do the ATCG represent?

______

7. What do the symbols represent?

A =______

T = ______

C =______

G = ______

8. What type of bond holds the bases together?

______

9. Why is it important that the hydrogen bond is weak? ______

______

10. How do the bases always pair?

______

Fill in the matching bases on the following picture

11. Why does DNA need to replicate?

12. What is produced as a result of DNA replication?

RNA

13. What are the three types of RNA?

______

14. What base is different in RNA compared to DNA? ______

RNA is important for two main processes – transcription and translation.

Transcription – fill in the blanks using the words in the word bank to understand what is going on during transcription

ribosome nucleus transcription DNA

DNA is too large to leave the ______so mRNA does the work for DNA. mRNA copies one side of ______and carries the direction to a ______. This process of mRNA carrying the instructions from the DNA to the ribosomes is called ______.

Translation – fill in the blanks using the words in the word bank to understand what is going on during translation

Anicodon codon peptide bond

tRNA Amino acids protein

Once mRNA attaches to the ribosome, the ribosome starts reading a three letter code on mRNA called the ______. When the codon is recognized, ______begins to bring ______to the ribosome. In order for the amino acids to be dropped off to form a protein, a three letter code on tRNA called a ______must match the mRNA. The amino acids are held together by ______and form a ______.

Transcribe and translate the following DNA strand using the codon chart below

DNA: T A C T A T C C G G G T A T T

15. mRNA: ______

16. tRNA: ______

17. amino acids: ______

REMEMBER WHEN YOU USE THE CHART THAT mRNA IS WHAT CONTAINS THE INSTRUCTIONS FOR THE CORRECT AMINO ACID. tRNA JUST BRINS THE AMINO ACID BASED ON THE INSTRUCTIONS FROM mRNA.

1. Describe what is happening in the picture above?

______

Compare RNA and DNA in the following table

DNA / RNA
Sugar
Bases
Strands
Where in Cell
Function

2. What do we call it when a there is a mistake or change in the DNA? ______

3. Are all mutations bad? Explain. ______

______

4. What are the two main types of gene mutations?

______

Mutations – use the original DNA to describe what type of mutation is occurring.

Original DNA: A T C C T G

Mutated DNA: A T C T G Type of mutation ______

Mutated DNA A T T C T G Type of mutation ______

IMPORTANT TO KNOW…

Central dogma

3.02 Cell Division

Compare and contrast mitosis and meiosis by filling in the following chart

MITOSIS / MEIOSIS
Type of reproduction
(asexual or sexual)
Chromosome number of mother cell
(N=haploid, D=diploid)
Chromosome number of daughter cell
(N=haploid, D=diploid)
Number of cell divisions
Number of cells produced
Type of cells produced
(somatic or sex)
Sources of variation
Crossing over
Random assortment of chromosomes
Gene Mutations
Nondisjuction
Fertilization

1. What are the phases of mitosis?

P______

M______

A______

T______

2. Interphase is not a phase of mitosis. What is going on during interphase? ______

3. What phase do we see chromosomes lining in the middle of the cell? ______

4. What disappears during prophase? ______

5. What are the phases of meiosis?

P______

M______

A______

T______

P______

M______

A______

T______

Name of Phase of meiosis / Description
1. / Homologous chromosomes pair up and form tetrad
2. / Spindle fibers move homologous chromosomes to opposite sides
3. / Nuclear membrane reforms, cytoplasm divides, 4 daughter cells formed
4. / Chromosomes line up along equator, not in homologous pairs
5. / Crossing-over occurs
6. / Chromatids separate
7. / Homologs line up alone equator
8. / Cytoplasm divides, 2 daughter cells are formed

Name the phases in the diagram below related to meiosis

3.03 Genetics

Describe/define the following terms:

1. Genotype

2. Phenotype

3. Homozygous

4. Heterozygous

5. P Generation

6. F1 Generation

7. F2 Generation

8. Polygenic traits

9. Carrier

Describe the different types of genetic crosses (punnett squares) below:

1. Complete dominance

2. Incomplete dominance

3. Codominance

4. Multiple Alleles

5. Sex-linked traits

6. In the Punnett square to the left, T = tall and t=short. Give the genotype for the parents.

7. Give the phenotype for the parents.

8. What are the genotypes and phenotypes of the offspring?

9. What is the genotypic ratio of the offspring?

10. What is the phenotypic ratio of the offspring?

Use your knowledge of the following terms and complete the Punnett Squares and questions below:

1. Black is dominant to white. Cross two heterozygous parents.

2. When red flowers are crossed with white flowers, pink flowers result. What inheritance pattern does this represent? ______. Cross two pink flowers.

3. Striped petunias result from crossing white and purple petunias. What inheritance pattern does this represent? ______Cross a striped petunia and a white petunia.

4. Hemophilia is sex-linked trait. A normal woman whose father was a hemophiliac marries a normal man.

5. Colorblindness is a sex-linked. Cross a carrier female with a normal male.

6. The technician at the hospital who writes identification wristbands in the hospital delivery room mixed up four newborn babies. The hospital determined their blood types. Susan has AB, Aliah has O, Jason has A, and Kayla has B. Use the information and the punnett squares below to determine which baby belongs to which parents.

Parents #1 had blood types O and AB

Parents #2 had blood type AB and B

Parents #3 had blood type O and O

Parents #4 had blood type O and A

Parents 1 Parents 2 Parents 3 Parents 4

1. What is a karyotype? ______

______

What is the gender of the person?

What is the disorder that this person has?

What is your evidence?

Describe a pedigree and why they are important? ______

______

Use the pedigree to answer the following questions

1. What do the circles represent? ______

2. What do the squares represent?______

3. How many generations are represented in this pedigree? ______

4. Circle the oldest person on the pedigree.

5. Write the genotype of each person on the pedigree (use ‘A’ and ‘a’ for your alleles)

6. Is this trait dominant or recessive ______

7. Is this trait sex-linked or autosomal? ______

3.04 – Biotechnology

Human Genome

1. What was the purpose of the human genome project?

2. What is gene therapy and how has the human genome project helped improve gene therapy?

Gel Electrophoresis

3. When a scientists performs a gel electrophoresis experiment, what is the resulted barcode pattern called?

4. What two main reasons do we use DNA fingerprints for?