French Revolution

Causes:

·  Social and political structure called Old Order created inequalities in French society.

·  The king was at the top and three social groups called estates were under him (Old Order)

·  First estate was made up of the Roman Catholic clergy, (a percent of the population)

·  Second estate was made up of nobility, less than 2 percent of the population

·  Third estate was the largest group of people (97% of population)

·  Top of the Third Estate was the bourgeoisie which was city-dwelling merchants, factory owners, and lawyers/doctors

·  Below bourgeoisie was the artisans and workers of the cities(carpenters,bricklayers,dressmakers) they were known as Sans Culottes

·  At the bottom of the Third Estate were the peasants who farmed the nobles’ fields.

·  They had to perform labor, such as working on roads, without any pay. Peasants were miserable and had no hope for a better life.

·  (inequalities in society, ideas of enlightenment writers, poor leadership from Louis XVI, Financial crisis, Widespread hunger and record cold)

·  France was in a lot of debt, over centuries he borrowed huge sums of money to spend on wars, including American Revolution

·  King Louis XVI tried to tax Second Estate but the nobles refused to pay. A year later the country faced bankruptcy

·  The country was broke, and a lot of people were hungry and angry because of the weather problems(hailstorm, drought)

·  The Estates (1st and 2nd) could have helped the situation but the clergy and nobility resisted all efforts.[

·  The third estate met in an indoor tennis court-Tennis Court Oath then became real.

·  The tennis court oath was that they would not leave the court until they had written a constitution for France.

·  The third estate met at an indoor tennis court for a meeting one day, it became known as the tennis court oath (they would not leave the court until they had written a constitution for France) The king relented and allowed everyone to have a vote

Sources :Textbook pages 593- 596

Effects

Costs/effects pg. 604

An outbreak of civil war

·  Series of accusations, trails, and executions

·  Region of western France there was a resistance called Vendee resistance

·  The resistance was so strong it led to a civil war

·  A counterrevolutionary force called the catholic and royal army a name showing support for the Roman Catholic Church and the monarchy fought government forces

·  The fight spread across the region

·  The government eventually regained control of the Vendee resistance destroying everyone and everything it could

Accusations and trails

·  Robespierre declared the need to use terror to defend the republic from many enemies

·  Leaders in Paris made a campaign to eliminate any resistance to the revolution, used the revolutionary tribunal to get rid of the countries of dissent

·  The revolutionary tribunal started its campaign with Girondists who was seen as a threat to the revolution because they had favored a constitutional monarchy

·  Soon anyone who criticized the revolution or who ever had any connection to the Old Order was in danger of being hauled in for trail

·  The accused had few rights and some were even forbidden to defend themselves

·  the most common way sentenced was death by guillotine (a quick way, in contrast to the agonizing methods of execution)

·  the guillotine was so efficient that the executioner could execute more than one person per minute

·  executions became so common that residents complained about the blood overflowing the city’s drainage ditches

·  the reign of terror didn’t spare any gender, age, occupation or class (although many common people were killed more then nobles)

·  peasants and laborers the Same people the revolution was supposed to protect formed the largest group of victims

·  The French Revolution, though it seemed a failure in 1799 and appeared nullified by 1815, had far-reaching results. In France the bourgeois and landowning classes emerged as the dominant power. Feudalism was dead; social order and contractual relations were consolidated by the Code Napoléon. The Revolution unified France and enhanced the power of the national state. The Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars tore down the ancient structure of Europe, hastened the advent of nationalism, and inaugurated the era of modern, total warfare.

Russian Revolution

Causes

● First world war, led to a poor and unequipped army

● Food shortages, farmers and trains were used for the war and not for farming or transporting food

● Tsarina took government office, she was german and the people didn’t trust her, the government was in total chaos

● The army stopped listening to the government and refused to stop the riots http://www.johndclare.net/Russ3.htm There are many causes for the Russian revolution. The main causes were mainly food shortages and a poor economy. The Russian government were too focused on the war and weaponry instead of taking notice of the shortage of the peoples foods supplies. At that time the economy was beginning to crumble. Regular working people and farmers were forced to fight in the war. This result ending up the economy to break because the people that were working are now fighting the war, leaving jobs unintended and not getting enough income for the economy. Trains were used for shipping weapons and supplies to the army instead of shipping goods in and out of Russia. Another cause is when Tsarina took over the government office. She was German and the Russian people didn’t trust a “German” in office, which led the government to turn on each other lending the government to turn into turmoil. This effect the armies trust issues towards the government and rebelled against it. Results

● War breaks out between marxism and capitalism, totalitarian dictatorship vs democratic socialism

● Russia that was poverty stricken became a superpower under Lenin and Stalin

● The communist party was the only political party that was allowed

● Big difference between what karl marx wanted and what happened, Lenin was fascinated by industrialization, this differed from karl Marx

● the cheka (secret) police were allowed to use force and terror

● Russia dropped out of world war 1

● Cold war with america

● old war with america Civil war ­8million people died in russian civil war, most died from starvation http://www.slideshare.net/crtfinnie/consequences­and­significance­of­the­russian ­revolution There are many lasting results that impacted the world. There were two big impacts on the world which will forever be in our history books. One was the Cold War. It wasn't like actual war with people being sent out to the opposing countries to fight but on political differences on one another.

American Revolution

American Revolution

Causes: Boston Tea Party

·  Colonists dressed as American Indians

·  They threw the tea overboard into the harbor because they were mad about the taxation

·  Quote: “too weak for even Americans to drink”

The intolerable acts

·  The Boston port act: closed the port of Boston

·  Massachusetts government act: the government of Massachusetts went under British control

·  The administration of justice act: allowed royal officials to be tried in Britain

·  The Quarterincy act: ordered colonies to give lodging for British soldiers

Boston tea party led to the intolerable acts which led to the 1st constitutional congress which was 55 delegates representing 12/13 colonies, 2 months in 1774 Declaration of grievances.

The battle of Lexington and concord: Lexington-77 men, 8 killed, 10 wounded Concord-400 men, guerilla tactics, 73 killed, 23 missing, less than 100 suffered.

2nd continental congress: 1775, olive branch petition to King George for loyalty. King sent proclamation to congress saying all should hang for their defiance to the crown.

All of this led to the declaration of independence