APPENDIX
Table A1 schematic overview of the decision rules used to determine a pupil’s country of origin and migrant status
Country of birth student / Country of birth mother / Country of birth father / Country of origin / Migrant status1 / A / A / A / A[1] / I, first generation
T / T / T / T[2] / N
2 / B / A / A / A / I, first generation
T / A / A / A / I, second generation
A / T / T / T / N
A / B / A / A / I, first generation
A / T / A / A / I, first generation
T / A / T / A / I, second generation
A / A / B / A / I, first generation
A / A / T / A / I, first generation
T / T / A / A / I, second generation
3 / A / B / C / B / I, first generation
T / A / B / A / I, second generation
A / T / B / B / I, first generation
A / B / T / B / I, first generation
4 / Miss. / A / A / A / I, generation unknown
Miss. / T / T / T / N, country of birth unknown
A / Miss. / A / A / I, first generation
T / Miss. / T / T / N
A / A / Miss. / A / I, first generation
T / T / Miss. / T / N
5 / Miss. / Miss. / A / A / I, generation unknown
Miss. / Miss. / T / T / N, country of birth unknown
Miss. / A / Miss. / A / I, generation unknown
Miss. / T / Miss. / T / N, country of birth unknown
A / Miss. / Miss. / A / I, first generation
T / Miss. / Miss. / T / N
6 / B / Miss. / A / A / I, first generation
T / Miss. / A / A / I, second generation
A / Miss. / T / T / N
B / A / Miss. / A / I, first generation
T / A / Miss. / A / I, second generation
A / T / Miss. / T / N
Miss. / B / A / B / I, generation unknown
Miss. / T / A / A / I, generation unknown
Miss. / A / T / A / I, generation unknown
7 / Miss. / Miss. / Miss. / Miss. / Miss.
Table A2 Overview of the number of migrant pupils by country of origin and country of destination
Table A3 Cross-classified regression of educational system characteristics of countries of origin and destination on the scientific literacy of migrant pupils, not controlled for the average performance of natives in the countries of destination; Nd=16, No=35, Ni=9.279
Model 1 / Model 2 / Model 3Intercept / 421.84** (8.21) / 216.81** (36.16) / 215.22** (36.80)
Destination effects
Student-teacher ratio in primary education / 8.99** (2.85) / 8.84** (2.21)
Highly differentiated education system / -7.02 (10.65) / 18.81 (12.24)
Highly differentiated education system *
Parental education / -5.78** (1.36)
Moderately differentiated education system / 18.52 (14.63) / 48.61** (15.96)
Moderately differentiated education
system * parental education / -6.58** (1.47)
Origin effects
Compulsory years of education / 8.67** (1.75) / 6.80** (1.83)
Compulsory years of education * 1.75 generation / 2.80** (1.40)
Compulsory years of education * 1.5 generation / 3.52** (1.50)
Compulsory years of education * 1.25 generation / 12.57** (2.17)
Individual effects
Grade / 47.03** (1.41) / 46.96** (1.40) / 47.00** (1.40)
Vocational type of education / -55.94** (2.71) / -55.47** (2.70) / -56.21** (2.69)
Girls / -7.93** (1.61) / -7.90** (1.62) / -7.85** (1.61)
Parental education / 4.90** (0.56) / 4.89** (0.56) / 9.86** (1.18)
Parental occupation / 0.88** (0.06) / 0.87** (0.06) / 0.86** (0.06)
Home possessions / 8.94** (1.06) / 8.88** (1.06) / 8.53** (1.06)
Second generation / Ref. / Ref. / Ref.
1.75 generation / 2.15
(2.26) / 2.27 (2.26) / -25.09* (13.66)
1.5 generation / -7.56** (2.57) / -7.65** (2.57) / -42.21** (15.02)
1.25 generation / -29.85** (3.82) / -29.84** (3.81) / -156.95** (22.30)
Migrant generation unknown / -19.02** (4.33) / -19.21** (4.32) / -17.57** (4.34)
One native parent / 6.06
(3.82) / 5.60 (3.82) / 5.92 (3.87)
Language of test country spoken at home / 16.40** (2.28) / 15.52** (2.28) / 15.03** (2.28)
Language spoken at home unknown / -22.31** (2.85) / -22.16** (2.85) / -22.98** (2.84)
Variance componentsª
Destination / 605 (16) / 162 (78) / 166 (77)
Origin / 736 (62) / 506 (74) / 497 (74)
Individual / 5475 (42) / 5479 (42) / 5479 (42)
Measurement model / 0.05 / 0.05 / 0.05
Deviance (IGLS; -2*LL) / 107244 / 107146 / 107089
Source: PISA 2006, own calculations. Notes: standard deviations in parentheses; ** = significant at the 0.05 level, * = significant at the 0.1 level; ª Between parentheses, the explained variance (in %) at respectively destination, origin, and individual level, as compared to model 0 (table 3). As recommended by Snijders and Bosker (1999), the explained variance at the individual level is computed by calculating the change in total variance.
Table A4Cross-classified regressions of educational system characteristics of countries of origin and destination, controlled for individual characteristics (model 3), on the science, reading and math score of migrant pupils.
Reading / Math / Science Model 3Intercept / 169.98 (182.08) / -86.57 (184.73) / 134.16 (158.19)
Destination effects of education
Average educational performance natives / -0.09 (0.28) / -0.13 (0.22) / 0.18 (0.34)
Student-teacher ratio primary education / 6.55** (2.89) / 6.02** (2.28) / 8.02** (2.66)
Highly stratified education system / 23.08 (14.28) / 19.48 (12.73) / 15.90 (13.32)
Highly stratified education system * parental education / -6.52** (1.37) / -5.62** (1.26) / -5.77** (1.36)
Moderately differentiated education system / 38.30** (18.24) / 35.71** (15.67) / 47.27** (15.98)
Moderately differentiated education system * parental education / -6.52** (1.37) / -7.43** (1.37) / -6.57** (1.47)
Origin effects of education
Compulsory years of education / 5.69**(1.80) / 5.36**(1.77) / 6.69**(1.83)
Compulsory years of education * 1.75 generation / 2.19 (1.43) / 2.28** (1.31) / 2.78* (1.40)
Compulsory years of education * 1.5 generation / 1.43 (1.51) / 3.36** (1.39) / 3.50**(1.50)
Compulsory years of education * 1.25 generation / 11.20** (2.21) / 8.12** (2.03) / 12.53** (2.17)
Individual effects
Grade / 49.94** (1.43) / 48.22** (1.31) / 47.00** (1.40)
Vocational type of education / -57.56** (2.75) / -55.03** (2.51) / -56.21** (2.69)
Girls / 29.98** (1.64) / -17.98** (1.50) / -7.85** (1.61)
Parental education / 8.96** (1.20) / 8.07** (1.10) / 9.85** (1.18)
Parental occupation / 0.87** (0.06) / 0.81** (0.06) / 0.86** (0.06)
Home possessions / 9.77** (1.07) / 10.41** (0.99) / 9.52** (1.06)
Migrant characteristics
Second generation / Ref. / Ref. / Ref.
1.75 generation / -24.56* (13.91) / -22.31* (12.79) / -24.91* (13.67)
1.5 generation / -22.61** (15.21) / -41.78** (14.00) / -41.96** (15.03)
1.25 generation / -145.59** (22.66) / -109.43** (20.80) / -156.50** (22.31)
Migrant generation unknown / -22.23** (4.41) / -22.18** (4.05) / -17.59** (4.34)
One native parent / 2.09 (3.97) / 3.53 (3.62) / 5.88 (3.87)
Language of test country spoken at home / 16.93** (2.31) / 7.55** (2.13) / 15.08** (2.28)
Language spoken at home unknown / -24.38** (2.89) / -27.89** (2.66) / -22.99** (2.84)
Variance componentsª
Destination / 302 (166) / 174 (105) / 159 (114)
Origin / 456 (105) / 466 (101) / 498 (109)
Individual / 5736 (104) / 4973 (86) / 5479 (199)
Measurement model / 0.00 / 0.00 / 0.02
Deviance (IGLS; -2*LL) / 107369 / 105779 / 107089
Source: PISA 2006, own calculations. Notes: standard deviations in parentheses; ** = significant at the 0.05 level, * = significant at the 0.1 level.
Table A5 Sensitivity analysis of the macro-level effects, based on model 3 of table 3 (individual level effects not presented). Destination countries one by one excluded, four destination countries with a unique combination their origin countries excluded (Greece, Lithuania, Norway, Portugal), without three smallest destination countries (Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Lithuania), effects controlled for origin & destination difference on Hofstede’s (1984) collectivism-individualism dimension & four large combinations of origin & destination (Serbia in Switzerland; Portuguese in Luxembourg; Turks in Netherlands; UK in Australia).
All model 3 / -AU / -AT / -BE / -CH / -DE / -DK / -EL / -FI / -LI / -LU / -LV / -NLN / 9279 / 7775 / 8778 / 8300 / 6975 / 8847 / 9133 / 9092 / 9243 / 9129 / 7929 / 8885 / 8684
Destination effects
Average science performance natives / 0.18
(0.34) / 0.20 (0.37) / 0.16 (0.25) / 0.20 (0.39) / 0.20 (0.35) / 0.18 (0.34) / 0.23 (0.33) / 0.19 (0.38) / 0.05 (0.43) / 0.19 (0.35) / 0.25 (0.37) / 0.19 (0.37) / 0.13 (0.33)
Student-teacher ration in primary education / 8.02** (2.66) / 7.15** (3.43) / 10.15** (1.81) / 7.95** (2.77) / 7.66** (2.72) / 8.11** (2.59) / 5.36 (3.01) / 7.97** (2.79) / 8.49** (2.83) / 8.15** (2.75) / 7.74** (2.92) / 8.10** (2.80) / 9.06** (2.71)
Highly differentiated education system / 15.90 (13.32) / 4.02 (15.02) / 5.49 (10.12) / 14.52 (13.64) / 20.18 (14.43) / 20.50 (13.62) / 8.90 (14.21) / 15.54 (13.69) / 18.32 (15.05) / 18.32 (14.10) / 15.92 (14.35) / 18.22 (14.05) / 18.53 (13.53)
Highly differentiated system * parental education / -5.77** (1.36) / -2.84 (1.83) / -5.69** (1.38) / -5.66** (1.38) / -6.03** (1.55) / -5.72** (1.38) / -6.19** (1.41) / -5.73** (1.36) / -5.50** (1.36) / -6.01** (1.36) / -5.68** (1.37) / -6.13** (1.39) / -5.56** (1.42)
Moderately differentiated education system / 47.27** (15.98) / 34.46* (17.37) / 52.91** (12.11) / 38.77** (17.61) / 46.25** (16.19) / 47.35** (15.63) / 33.38 (18.33) / 46.66** (16.98) / 48.12** (16.50) / 48.06** (16.35) / 67.62** (19.31) / 50.52** (17.70) / 48.23** (15.74)
Moderately differentiated system * parental education / -6.57** (1.47) / -3.69* (1.92) / -6.58** (1.48) / -4.83** (1.67) / -6.50** (1.47) / -6.53** (1.48) / -6.99** (1.52) / -6.50** (1.50) / -6.30** (1.48) / -6.56** (1.47) / -9.24** (1.81) / -6.96** (1.51) / -6.50** (1.49)
Origin effects
Compulsory years of education / 6.69**
(1.83) / 7.94** (1.98) / 7.01** (1.75) / 5.71** (2.02) / 5.97** (1.95) / 6.49** (1.82) / 6.17** (1.91) / 6.62** (1.85) / 6.71** (1.84) / 6.54** (1.88) / 7.29** (2.17) / 6.80** (1.90) / 6.87** (1.90)
Compulsory years * 1.75 generation / 2.78*
(1.40) / 3.48** (1.56) / 2.59 (1.44) / 3.33** (1.55) / 2.28 (1.54) / 2.78* (1.41) / 3.04** (1.42) / 2.83* (1.42) / 2.78* (1.40) / 2.96** (1.41) / 1.75 (1.58) / 3.06** (1.42) / 2.59 (1.47)
Compulsory years * 1.5 generation / 3.50**
(1.50) / 4.31** (1.68) / 3.31** (1.52) / 3.29* (1.68) / 2.97 (1.63) / 3.45** (1.50) / 3.77** (1.51) / 3.72** (1.52) / 3.49** (1.50) / 3.76** (1.51) / 2.14 (1.67) / 3.57** (1.50) / 3.96** (1.57)
Compulsory years * 1.25 generation / 12.53** (2.17) / 13.03** (3.43) / 12.03** (1.81) / 13.47** (2.44) / 11.45** (2.72) / 12.45** (2.18) / 12.74** (2.18) / 12.47** (2.19) / 12.53** (2.17) / 12.65** (2.17) / 12.18** (2.92) / 12.60** (2.80) / 12.50** (2.21)
Continued table A4
-NO / -NZ / -PT / -SC / -EL & -LV &-NO & -PT / -LI & -LU
& -LV / Value distance
origin –desti
nation / -Serbs
in CH / -Portuguese in LU / -Turks
in NL / -UK
in AU
N / 9240 / 8702 / 9230 / 9243 / 8610 / 7385 / 9279 / 8327 / 8480 / 8774 / 8789
Destination effects
Average science performance natives / 0.16 (0.35) / 0.13 (0.35) / 0.35 (0.37) / 0.17 (0.36) / 0.51 (0.50) / 0.29 (0.42) / 0.13
(0.35) / 0.19 (0.34) / 0.20
(0.36) / 0.18 (0.34) / 0.15 (0.35)
Student-teacher ration in primary education / 7.87** (2.74) / 8.02** (2.63) / 7.26** (2.71) / 8.23** (2.86) / 6.67** (3.10) / 7.95** (3.18) / 7.53**
(2.77) / 7.88** (2.67) / 7.89** (2.81) / 8.20** (2.63) / 8.41** (2.71)
Highly differentiated education system / 14.58 (13.56) / 24.87 (14.33) / 13.00 (13.41) / 15.43 (13.61) / 12.20 (14.86) / 21.07 (16.18) / 19.40
(13.82) / 15.33 (13.42) / 16.44 (13.88) / 14.75 (13.29) / 13.84 (13.64)
Highly differentiated system * parental education / -5.63** (1.36) / -7.19** (1.48) / -5.75** (1.36) / -5.71** (1.37) / -5.91** (1.40) / -6.22** (1.41) / -5.81** (1.36) / -5.57** (1.41) / -5.67** (1.36) / -5.49** (1.41) / -5.41** (1.45)
Moderately differentiated education system / 45.09** (16.70) / 55.77** (16.12) / 41.06** (16.65) / 47.16** (16.25) / 38.47
(20.54) / 72.30** (21.75) / 50.55** (16.40) / 46.82** (15.98) / 50.06** (17.02) / 45.99** (15.71) / 45.93** (16.27)
Moderately differentiated system * parental education / -6.43** (1.48) / -8.01** (1.58) / -6.56** (1.48) / -6.51** (1.49) / -6.72** (1.54) / -9.63** (1.84) / -6.62** (1.47) / -6.56** (1.47) / -6.75** (1.63) / -6.51** (1.49) / -6.21** (1.56)
Origin effects
Compulsory years of education / 6.72** (1.85) / 7.03** (1.70) / 6.84** (1.84) / 6.51** (1.91) / 6.91** (1.54) / 7.26** (2.36) / 8.96**
(2.26) / 6.81** (1.84) / 6.81** (1.87) / 6.26** (1.86) / 6.97** (1.88)
Compulsory years * 1.75 generation / 2.81** (1.40) / 2.56
(1.41) / 2.71*
(1.41) / 2.80*
(1.41) / 3.09** (1.44) / 2.29 (1.62) / 2.74*
(1.40) / 2.63 (1.42) / 2.78* (1.42) / 3.25** (1.42) / 2.89* (1.46)
Compulsory years * 1.5 generation / 3.50** (1.50) / 3.96** (1.52) / 3.36** (1.51) / 3.25** (1.51) / 3.69** (1.54) / 2.51 (1.69) / 3.49**
(1.50) / 2.84 (1.52) / 3.55** (1.52) / 3.94** (1.52) / 3.49** (1.56)
Compulsory years * 1.25 generation / 12.55** (2.17) / 11.89** (2.25) / 13.43** (2.22) / 12.61** (2.20) / 13.49** (2.24) / 12.40** (2.39) / 12.55** (2.17) / 12.07** (2.67) / 12.13** (2.20) / 12.71** (2.19) / 12.56** (2.26)
Distance origin & destination country on Hofstede’s collectivism-individualism dimension / -0.28 (0.17)
Note: ** = significant at the 0.05 level, * = significant at the 0.1 level; Indicator value distance Collectivism-individualism Hofstede (1984).
1
Table A6Cross-classified regressions of educational system characteristics of countries of origin and destination, controlled for individual characteristics (model 3) on the science, but without grade and/or vocational type of education as individual controls
ScienceModel 3 / -Grade / -Vocational / -Grade & -Vocational
Intercept / 134.16 (158.19) / 115.75 (144.25) / 182.83 (123.04) / 189.26 (129.26)
Destination effects of education
Average educational performance natives / 0.18 (0.34) / 0.14 (0.31) / 0.06 (0.27) / 0.06 (0.28)
Student-teacher ratio primary education / 8.02** (2.66) / 7.66** (2.29) / 8.62** (1.85) / 8.16** (1.94)
Highly stratified education system / 15.90 (13.32) / 7.57 (12.11) / 10.68 (10.46) / 5.53 (10.95)
Highly stratified system * parental education / -5.77** (1.36) / -4.14** (1.43) / -5.89** (1.34) / -4.36** (1.44)
Moderately differentiated system / 47.27** (15.98) / 32.71** (14.56) / 28.81** (12.52) / 22.82 (13.12)
Moderately differentiated system * parental education / -6.57** (1.47) / -4.51** (1.56) / -5.70** (1.50) / -4.12** (1.57)
Origin effects of education
Compulsory years of education / 6.69**(1.83) / 6.21** (1.92) / 6.30** (1.80) / 5.97** (1.89)
Compulsory years of education * 1.75 generation / 2.78* (1.40) / 3.72** (1.48) / 2.55 (1.43) / 3.49** (1.49)
Compulsory years of education * 1.5 generation / 3.50**(1.50) / 6.11** (1.58) / 3.20** (1.53) / 5.68** (1.59)
Compulsory years of education * 1.25 generation / 12.53** (2.17) / 14.14** (2.30) / 10.94 (2.31) / 12.97** (2.31)
Individual effects
Grade / 47.00** (1.40) / X / 40.04** (1.40) / X
Vocational type of education / -56.21** (2.69) / -34.27** (2.75) / X / X
Girls / -7.85** (1.61) / -3.35* (1.70) / -6.15** (1.64) / -2.69 (1.71)
Parental education / 9.85** (1.18) / 9.34** (1.25) / 10.06** (1.21) / 9.51** (1.26)
Parental occupation / 0.86** (0.06) / 1.05** (0.06) / 0.96** (0.06) / 1.10** (0.06)
Home possessions / 9.52** (1.06) / 11.94** (1.11) / 9.78** (1.08) / 12.42** (1.12)
Migrant characteristics
Second generation / Ref. / Ref. / Ref. / Ref.
1.75 generation / -24.91* (13.67) / -33.43** (14.45) / -22.31 (13.97) / -31.07** (14.56)
1.5 generation / -41.96** (15.03) / -74.63** (15.86) / -39.34** (15.36) / -69.95** (15.98)
1.25 generation / -156.50** (22.31) / -180.83** (23.59) / -139.41** (22.81) / -167.67** (23.76)
Migrant generation unknown / -17.59** (4.34) / -20.85** (4.59) / -18.11 (4.44) / -20.84** (4.63)
One native parent / 5.88 (3.87) / 3.70 (4.10) / 7.53 (3.96) / 4.99 (4.13)
Language of test country spoken at home / 15.08** (2.28) / 16.35** (2.41) / 14.67** (2.33) / 15.96** (2.43)
Language spoken at home unknown / -22.99** (2.84) / -27.83** (3.01) / -24.16** (2.91) / -28.09** (3.03)
Variance componentsª
Destination / 159 (114) / 56 (74) / 0 (0) / 0 (0)
Origin / 498 (109) / 567 (124) / 502 (106) / 555 (111)
Individual / 5479 (199) / 6113 (224) / 5766 / 6224 (228)
Measurement model / 0.02 / 0.03 / 0.02 / 0.04
Deviance (IGLS; -2*LL) / 107089 / 108146 / 107509 / 108297
Source: PISA 2006, own calculations. Notes: standard deviations in parentheses; ** = significant at the 0.05 level, * = significant at the 0.1 level.
Table A7Cross-classified regressions of educational system characteristics of countries of origin and destination, controlled for not shown individual characteristics (model 3) with GDP of destination country or without compulsory education but with HDI and Kaufman political stability (model 4).
plus GDP destination country / Plus HDI & political stability minus compulsory educationDestination effects of education
Average science performance natives / 0.22 (0.34) / 0.36 (0.36)
Student-teacher ratio in primary education / 7.76** (2.65) / 7.54** (2.80)
Highly stratified education system / 15.89 (13.32) / 7.42 (14.10)
Highly stratified education system * parental education / -5.77** (1.36) / -5.57** (1.36)
Moderately differentiated education system / 51.97** (16.62) / 42.85** (16.78)
Moderately differentiated education system * parental education / -6.58** (1.47) / -6.13** (1.48)
GDP / -0.000 (0.000) / X
Origin effects of education
Compulsory years of education / 6.73**
(1.83) / X
Compulsory years of education * 1.75 generation / 2.81*
(1.40) / X
Compulsory years of education * 1.5 generation / 3.51**
(1.50) / X
Compulsory years of education * 1.25 generation / 12.56** (2.17) / X
HDI / X / 104.42** (35.63)
Political stability / X / -2.07 (5.09)
Source: PISA 2006, own calculations. Notes: standard deviations in parentheses; ** = significant at the 0.05 level, * = significant at the 0.1 level.
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[1] Country of origin not equal to current destination country
[2]Country of origin equal to current destination country