References – Chapter 19:

Abt, J.L. 1985. The pupillary responses after being struck by lightning. JAMA 254: 23,312.

Akahane, T. et al. 1983. Lightning injury: Report of two cases. Burns10: 45.

Alcock, R. et al. 1949. Abdominal injury from lightning. Lancet 1: 823-5.

Alexandropoulos, J. 1969. Electric cataract after being struck by lightning. Opth. Chron. Athens 61: 166-71.

Amy, B.W., Mcmanus,W.F., Goodwin, C.W., and Pruitt, B.A. 1985. Lightning injury with survival in five patients. JAMA 253(2): 243-5.

Anderson, R.B. 2001. Does a fifth mechanisms exist to explain lightning injuries? IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology January/February: 105-113.

Andrews, C.J. 1988. Mycardial infarction after electrocution. Med. J. Aust. 149: 343.

Andrews, C.J. 1992. Telephone-related lightning injury. Med. J. Austr. 157: 823-6.

Andrews, C.J., and Darveniza, M. 1989. Telephone-mediated lightning injury: An Australian survey. J. Trauma 29: 665-71.

Andrews, C.J., Cooper, M.A., Darveniza, M., and Mackerras, D. 1992. Lightning Injuries: Electrical, Medical and Legal Aspects, 195 p., Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.

Andrews, C.J., Darveniza, M., and Mackerras, D. 1989. Lightning--A review of clinical aspects, pathophysiology, and treatment. Adv Trauma 4: 241-88.

Appleberg, D.B., Masters, F.W., and Robinson, D.W. 1974. Pathophysiology and treatment of lightning injuries. J. Trauma 14: 453-60.

Arden, G.P., Harrison, S.H., Lister, J., and Maudsley, R. 1956. Lightning accident at Ascot. Br. Med. J. 1: 1450-3.

Ashby, H.T. 1919. Loss of hair due to lightning. Br. Med. J. 1: 307.

Auerbach, P. 1980. Lightning strike. Top Emerg. Med. 2: 129-35.

Baker, R. 1978. Paraplegia as a result of lightning injury. Br. Med. J. 4: 1464-5.

Barthlome, C.W., Jacoby, W.D., Ramchand, S.C. 1975. Cutaneous manifestations of lightning injury. Arch. Dermatol 111: 1466-8.

Bellucci, R.J. 1983. Traumatic injuries of the middle ear, Otolar. Clin. N. Am. 16(3): 633-50.

Bennett, B.L. 1997. A model lightning safety policy for athletics. J. Athletic Training 32: 251-3.

Bennett, B.L., Holle, R.L., and López, R.E. 1997. Lightning safety. 1998-99 NCAA Sports Medicine Handbook, 11th ed., ed. M.V. Earle, pp. 12-14, National Collegiate Athletic Association.

Bennison, E. et al. 1973. Lightning surges in open wire, coaxial and paired cables. IEEE Trans. Comm. COM-21 (10): 1136.

Berger, K. 1971a. Blitzforschung und Personen-Blitzschutz. ETZ (A): 92: 508-11.

Berger, K. 1971b. Zum Problem des personenblitzschutzes. Bull. SEV 62: 397-99.

Bergstrom, L. 1975. Some pathologies of sensory and neural hearing loss. Can. J. Otolaryngol 4(2): Sup. 2

Bergstrom, L., Neblett, L., Sando, I., Hemenway, W., Harrison, G.D. 1974. The lightning damaged car. Arch Otolaryngol 100: 117-21.

Bernstein, T. 1973. Effects of electricity and lightning on man and animals. J. For. Sco. 18(1).

Bertelson, S. 1973. Traumatic facial palsy (quoted in A. Richards). Proc. R. Soc. Med. 66:28-9.

Black, R.C., Clark, G.M., and Patrick, J.F. 1981. Current distribution measurements within the human cochlea. IEEE Trans. BME 28(10): 721-5.

Blake-Pritchard, E.A. 1934. Changes in the central nervous system due to electrocution. Lancet 1: 1163-7.

Bondarenko, E.J. 1975. Effects of lightning on subscribers services. Telecom Aust., Perth, Wa, Res. Lab. Report 6990.

Bondarenko, E.J. 1976. Effects of lightning on subscribers services - Sydney, NSW. Telecom Aust., Res. Lab. Report 7078.

Bondarenko, E.J. 1980. Effects of lightning on customer services, Minyip Victoria, Canberra Act and Brisbane Qld. App. Sci. Br. Res. Lab., Paper 0018.

Bridges, J.E.(ed.) 1985. Electrical Shock Safety Criteria. New York: Pergamon.

Buechner, H. A., and Rothbaum, J. C. 1961. Lightning Stroke injury–a report of multiple casualties from a single lightning bolt. Milit. Med. 126: 775-62.

Burda, C.D. 1966. Electrocardiographic changes in lightning stroke. Am. Heart J. 72(4): 521-4.

Butler, E.D., and Grant, T.D. 1977. Electrical injuries, with special reference to the upper extremities. Am. J. Surg. 134: 95-101.

Callagan, J. 1999. Medical aspects of lightning injuries. J. Meteorol. 24(242): 280-4.

Campo, R.V. 1984. Lightning induced macular hole, Am. J. Oph. 97(6): 792-4.

Cannel, H. 1979. Struck by lightning–the effects upon the men and the ships of HM Navy. J. R. Nav. Med. Serv. 65: 165-70.

Castren, J.A., and Kytila J. 1963. Eye sumptoms caused by lightning. ACTA Opthalmol. 41: 139-43.

Chan, Y.F., and Sivasamboo, R. 1972. Lightning accidents in pregnancy. J. Obstet. Gynecol. Br. Comm. 79: 761-2.

Changnon, S.A. Damaging thunderstorm activivity in the United States. Bull. Amer. 82 (4): 597-608.

Chao, T.C. et al. 1981. A study of lightning deaths in Singapore. Singapore Med. J. 22(3): 150-7.

Charcot, J.M. 1889. Des accidents nereux provoques par la fondre. Bull. Med. (Paris) 3: 1323-6.

Clark, R.O., Brigham, J.K. 1872. Death from lightning. Lancet 2: 77.

Cheng, T.O. 1988. Lightning injury causing prolongation of the QT interval. Postgrad. Med. J. 64: 335.

Cherington, M. 2001. Lightning injuries in sports. Situations to avoid. Sports Medicine 31: 301-8.

Cherington, M., Breed, D.W., Yarnell, P.R., and Smith, W.E. 1998. Lightning injuries during snowy conditions. British J. Sports Med. 32: 333-5.

Cherington, M., Krider, E.P., Yarnell, P.R., and Breed, D.W. 1997. A bolt from the blue. Lightning stike to the head. Neurology 48: 683-6.

Cherington, M. and Vervalin, C. 1990. Lightning injuries—Who is at greatest risk? Physician Sportsmed 18: 58-61.

Cherington, M. Watchel, H., Yarnell, P.R. 1788. Could lightning injury be magnetically induced? The Lancet 351: 1788.

Cherington, M., Yarnell, P., and Lammereste, D. 1992. Lightning strikes: Nature of neurological damage in patients evaluated in hospital emergency departments, Ann. Emer. Med., 21:5, 575/133-578/136

Cherington, M., Walker, J., Boyson, M., Glancy, R., Hedegaard, H., and Clark, S. 1999. Closing the gap on the actual numbers of lightning casualties and deaths. In Proc. 11th Conf. on Applied Climatology, Dallas, Texas, Amer. Meteor. Soc., pp.379-380.

Chia, B.L. 1981. Electrocardiographic abnormalities and congestive cardiac failure due to lightning stroke. Cardiology 68: 49-53.

Christensen, J.A., Sherman, R.T., Balis, G.A. et al. 1980. Delayed neurological injury secondary to high-voltage current, with recovery. J. Trauma 20: 166-8.

Clark, R.O., Brigham, J.K. 1872. Death from lightning. Lancet 1: 77.

Clore, E.R., and House, M.A. 1987. Prevention and treatment of lightning Injuries. Nurs. Pract. 12 (12): 37-45.

Coates, L., Blong, R., and Siciliano, F. 1993. Lightning fatalities in Australia, 1824-1991. Nat. Hazards 8: 217-33.

Coleman, T. 1974. Death by lightning. Gen. Pract. 37:81.

Coleman, T. 1969. Death by lightning. PA Med 72: 56-8.

Connole, J.V. 1983. Lightning and electric cataract. PA Med. J. 38: 939 (Pubdate may be 1935).

Cooper, M.A. 1980. Lightning injuries, prognostic signs for death. Ann, Emerg. Med. 9: 134-8.

Cooper, M.A. 1983. Lightning strikes. Ann Emerg. Med. 12: 113.

Cooper, M.A. 1983. Lightning injuries. Em. Med. Clin. N. Am. 1(3): 639.

Cooper, M.A. 1983. Lightning Injuries. In Management of Wilderness and Environmental Emergencies, P.S. Auerbach and E.C. Geehr, eds., Chap. 18, pp. 500-521, New York: McMillan.

Cooper, M.A. 1984. Electrical and lightning injuries. Em. Med. Clin. N. Am. 2 (3): 489.

Cooper, J.A. 1989. Lightning injuries. In Management of Wilderness and Environmental Emergencies, P.S., Auerbach and E.C. Geehr, eds, pp. 173-193, St. Louis: C.V. Mosby.

Cooper, M.A. 1992. Treatment of lightning injury. In Lightning Injuries: Electrical, Medical, and Legal Aspects, eds. C.J. Cooper, M.A. Darveniza, D. Mackerras, pp. 115-140, London: CRC Press.

Cooper, M.A. 1995. Emergent care of lightning and electrical injuries. Sem. Neurol. 15: 268-78.

Cooper M.A. 1995. Myths, miracles, and mirages. Sem. Neurol. 15: 358-61.

Cooper, M.A., and Andrews, C.J. 1995. Lightning injuries. In Wilderness Medicine 3rd edition, ed. P. Auerbach, pp. 261-289, Mosby, St. Louis (see also 4th edition, pp. 73-110).

Craig, S.R. 1986. When lightning strikes. Pathophysiology and treatment of lightning injuries, Postgrad Med 79(4): 109-12, 121-4.

Crawford, A.S., and Hoopes, B.F. 1941. The surgical aspects of lightning stroke. Surgery 9: 80.

Critchley, M. 1935. Injuries from electricity and lightning. B.M.J. 2: 1217.

Critchley, M. 1934. Neurological effects of lightning and of electricity. Lancet 1: 68-72.

Critchley, M. 1932. The effects of lightning with especial reference to the nervous system. Bristol Med. Chir. J. 49: 285.

Cudennec, Y.F., De Rotalier, P., and Aubert, C. 1986. Fulguration d'orielle. Ann. Othlaryngol (Paris) 103: 343-9.

Curran, E.B., Holle, R.L. 1997. Lightning fatalities, injuries and damage reports in the United States, 1959-1994, NOAA Technical Memorandum NWS SR-193, NOAA scientific Services Division, Fort Worth, Texas.

Curran, E.B., Holle, R.L., and Lopez, R.E. 2000. Lightning casualties and damages in the United States from 1959 to 1994. J. Climate 13: 3448-3464.

Currens, J.H. 1945. Arterial spasm and transient paralysis from lightning striking an aeroplane. Aerospace Med.Fmly Aviation Med. 16: 275.

Cwinn, A.A. et al. 1985. Lightning injuries. J. Emerg. Med. 2 (5): 379-88.

Dalziel, C.F. 1953. A study of the hazards of impulse currents. Trans. IEE 72: 1032.

Dalziel, C.F. 1968. Re-evaluation of lethal electric currents. IEEE Trans. Iga 4 (5): 467.

Dalziel, C.F. 1972. Electric shock hazard. IEEE Spectrum Feb., p. 41.

Dalziel, C.F. et al. 1969. Lethal electric currents. IEEE Spectrum, Feb., p. 44.

Darling, Pedlow, and Frier 1905. Lightning stroke Br. Med. J. 1522-3.

Davidson, G.S., and Deck, J.H. 1988. Delayed Myelopathy following lightning stroke: A demyelinating process. ACTA Neuropathol. 77: 104-8.

Day, P. 1980. List of reported customers injuries caused by lightning. Telecom Aust. Data, 26/5/80 (quoted in AHMED).

Dilip, K.G-R. 1979. Fetal death at term due to lightning. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 134: 103-5.

Dill, A.V. 1942. Notes on a case of death by lightning. BMJ Oct. 10, p. 426.

Dinakaran, S., Desai, S.P., Elsom, D.M. 1998. Telephone-mediated lightning injury causing cataract. Injury 29: 645-6.

Divakov, G.M. 1966. ECG changes in persons struck by lightning (title trans. from Russian). pp. 95-96. Moscow: Klin. Meditsima.

Dollinger, S.P., O'donnell, J.P., and Stanley, A.A. 1984. Lightning strike disater: Effects on children's fears and worries. J. Cons. Clin. Psych. 52: 1028-38.

Dowling, J., Byrne, K., Barry, O.C.D., Long, J.P., and Lennon, F. 1984. Lightning injury. Irish Medical J. 77 (8): 249-50.

Du Pasquier, G. and Freeman, J. 1986. Le foudroiement. Ann. Fr. Anesth. Reanim. 4: 601-4.

Du Toit, J.S. 1927. A case of bilateral cataract caused by lightning. J. Med. Soc. S.Afr. 1: 503.

Duclos, P.J., and Sanderson, P.J. 1990. An epidemiological description of lightning-related deaths in the United States. Int. J. Epidmemiol 19: 673-9.

Duclos, P.J., Sanderson, L.M., and Klontz, K.C. 1990. Lightning-related mortality in Florida. Public Health Rep. 105: 276-282.

Dudley, S.C., et al. 1997. The Human discharge chain. Am. J. Phys. 65: 553.

Dunscombe-Hannibal, O. 1900. Accidents and injuries caused by lightning. Br. Med. J., May 12, pp 153-5.

Dupasquier, G., and Freemen, J. 1986. Cardiac injury due to lightning. Ann. Fr. Anesth. 5: 601-4.

Dutt, J. 1979. Overvoltages in subscribers lines. Electrical Comm.,54 (2): 115.

Eaton, R.D.P. 1983. Lightning injury. Can. Med. Assoc. J. 128: 893-4.

Eber, B., Himmel,G., Schubert, B. et al. 1989. Myokardiale schaedigung nach blitzschlag. Z. Kardiol. 78: 402-4.

Edwards, W. 1925. Injury due to lightning striking a wireless aerial. BR. Med. J. Aug. 25, p. 294.

Ehsan, M., Waxman, J., and Finley, J.M. 1981. Delayed gangrene after lightning strike. AFP 24 (5) 117-9.

Ekoe, J.M., Cunningham, M., Jaques, O. et al. 1985. Disseminated intravascular coagulation and acute myocardial necrosis caused by lightning. Int. Care. Med. 11: 160-2.

Elsom, D.M. 1989. Learn to live with lightning. New Scientist 122(1670: 54-8.

Elsom, D.M. 1993. Deaths caused by lightning in England and Wales, 1852-1990.Weather 48: 83-90.

Elsom, D.M. 1994. Injuries and deaths caused by lightning in the United Kingdom: a new national database. J. Meteorol. 19(193): 322-7.

Elsom, D.M. 1996. Surviving being struck by lightning: a preliminary assessment of the risk of lightning injuries and death in the British Isles. J. Meteorol. 21(209): 197-206.

Elsom, D.M. 2001. Deaths and injuries caused by lightning in the United Kingdom: analyses of two databases. Atmos. Res. 56: 325-34.

Elsom, D.M., Meaden, G.T., Reynolds, D.J., Rowe, M.W., and Webb, J.D.C. 2001. Advances in tornado and storm research in the United Kingdom and Europe: the role of the Tornado and storm research organisation. Atmos. Res. 56: 19-29.

Elwell, E.G. 1934. Non fatal lightning burns. BR. Med. J. Oct. 27, p. 771.

Eng, L.I.L., and Sinnadurai, C. 1965. Syndrome of erythremia de guglielmo after lightning injury with autoimmune antibodies and terminating in acute monocytic leukemia. Blood 25: 845-8.

Factor, S.M., and Cho, S. 1985. Smooth muscle contraction bands in the media of coronary arteries: A postmortem marker of antemortem coronary spasm. JACC, 6 (6) 1329-37.

Fahmy, F.S., Brisden, M.D., Smith, J., and Frame, J.D. 1999. Lightning: the multisystem group injuries. Journal of Trauma: Injury, Infection, and Critical Care 46: 937-40.

Farrell, D.F., and Starr, A. 1968. Delayed neurological sequelae of electrical injuries. Neurology 18: 601-6.

Ferrett, R.L., and Ojala, C.F. 1992. The lightning hazard in Michigan. Michigan Academician 24: 427-41.

Flannery, D.B., and Wiles, M. 1982. Follow-up of a survivor of intrauterine lightning exposure. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 142 (2): 238-239.

Flisowski, Z., and Mazzetti, C. 1985. An approximate method of assessment of the electric shock hazard by lightning strike. 18th Int. Conf. on Lightning, Munich.

Frauenfelder, et al. 1972. Electric cataract. Arch. Ophthalmol. 87: 179.

Frauenfelder, F., and Hanna, C. 1972. Electric cataracts: I. Sequential changes, unusual and prognostic finding. Arch Opthalmol. 87: 179-83.

Frayne, J., and Gilligan, B.S. 1988. Neurological sequelae of lightning. Clin. Exp. Neurol. 24: 195-200.

Fulde, G.W.O., and Marsden, S.J. 1990. Lightning strikes. Med. J. Aust. 153: 496-8.

Funiak, S., Hendrich, F., Drimal, J. et al. 1984. Srdcovy infarkt pri poraneni bleskom. Vnitri Lekarstvi 30: 1118-21.

Gabrielli, L. 1965. Unusual clinical picture of intermittent deafness in a subject struck by lightning. Otorhinolaryngology 31: 79-90.

Gallagher, T.J. 1988. Lightning on the links, Weatherwise 41: 212-3.

Gathier, J.C. 1960. Neurological changes in a soldier struck by lightning. Psych. Neurol. Neurochirurg 63: 125-38.

Gem, W. 1913. A case of lightning stroke, followed by recovery. Lancet 2:88.

Girard, P.F. et al.1954. No Title. Lyon Med. 191:209.

Glen, W. 1913. A case of lightning stroke followed by recovery. Lancet 2: 88.

Girard, P.F. et al. 1954. No title. Lyon Med. 191-209.

Golde, R.H. 1969. A plain man's guide to lightning. Electronics Power 15: 84-6.

Golde, 1973. Lightning Protection, London: Edward Arnold Publishers, Ltd.

Golde, R.H., and Lee, W.R. 1976. Death by lightning. Proc. IEEE 123: 1163-79.

Gourbière, E., Lambrozo, J., Virenque, C., Menthonnex, P., and Cabane, J. 1997. Lightning injured people in France: The first French national inquiry with regard to the strike of people—objectives, methods, first results. Proc. Con. on Lightning and Mountains 97, ChamonixMont Blanc, France. Sociètè des Electriciens & des Electroniciens and Fèdèration des Clubs Alpins.

Guha-Ray, D.K. 1979. Fetal death at term due to lightning. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 134: 103-5.

Gupta, G.B., Gupta, S.R., Somani, P.N., and Argrawal, B.V. 1988. Atrial fibrillation with inferior wall myocardial ischaemia following lightning. J. Assoc. Phys. India 36: 354-5.

Gusakov, A.D., Zaiko, N.G. 1979. Lesion of the human middle ear by a stroke of lightning. Zh Ushn Nos Gorl Bolezn 5: 67-8.

Hammer, Z.F., Klett, U.I., and Wegener, R. 1997. Myocardial injury due to lightning. Int. J. Legal Med. 110: 326-8.

Hann, J. 1957. Symptomatic psychosis of the schizophrenic type after injury by lightning. Nervenarzt 28 (3): 127.

Hanna, C., and Frauenfelder, F.T. 1972. Electric cataracts: II. Ultrastructural lens changes. Arch Ophthalmol 87: 184-91.

Hanson, G.C., and McIiwraith, G.R. 1973. Lightning injury: Two case histories and a review of management, Br. Med. J. 4: 271-4.

Haraldsson, P.O., Bergstedt, M. 1983. Unconscious and persistent tinnitus caused by lightning injury to the ear during telephoning. Lakartidningen 80: 2024.

Haroldsson, P., Bergstedt, M. 1983. Medvetsloshet och kvarstaende tinnitus foljden av blix I orat telefonering. p. 2024, Stockholm: Lakartidningen.

Hasse, P., and Wiesinger, J. 1982. Handbuch Für Blitzchutz and Erdung. Munich, Germany: Richard Pflaum Verlag KG.

Harrison, S. 1955. Lightning burns. Br. J. Plast. Surg. 8: 154-7.

Harwood, S.J., Catrow, P.G., and Cole, G.W. 1978. Creative phosphokinase isoenzyme fractions in the serum of a patient struck by lightning. Arch. Intern. Med. 138: 645-6.

Heffernan, D. 1877. Autopsy in a case of death by lightning. Lancet 2: 266.

Hegner, C.F. 1917. Lightning—Some of its effects. Ann. Surg. 65: 401-409.

Hocking, B., and Andrews, C.J. no date. Lightning injury and fractals Med. J. Aust.

Holle, R.L., and Lopez, R.E. 1998. Lightning-Impacts and safety. Bull. World Meteor. Soc. 47: 148-55.

Holle, R. L., R. E. López, K. W. Howard, J. Vavrek, and J. Allsopp, 1995. Safety in the presence of lightning. Sem. Neurol., 15, 375-80.

Holle, R.L. Holle, López, R.E., Navarro, B.C. 2001. U.S. Lightning deaths, injuries, and damages in the 1890s compared to 1990s. NOAA Technical Memorandum OAR NSSL-106, National Severe Storms Laboratory, Norman, Oklahoma.

Holle, R. L., R. E. López, R. Ortiz, C. H. Paxton, D. M. Decker, and D. L. Smith, 1993. The local meteorological environment of lightning casualties in central Florida. Proc. 17th Conf. on Severe Local Storms and Conf. on Atmospheric Electricity, St. Louis, MO, Amer. Meteor. Soc., 779-84.

Holle, R.L., López, R.E., and Zimmerman, C. 1999. Updated recommendations for lightning safety. Bull. Am. Meteor. Soc. 80: 2035-41.

Holle, R.L., Lopez, R.E., Arnold, L.J., and Endries, J. 1996. Insured lightning-caused property damage in three western states. J. Appl. Meteorol. 35: 1344-51.

Holle, R.L., Lopez, R.E., Howard, K.W., Cummins, K.L., Malone, M.D., and Krider, E.P. 1997. An isolated winter cloud-to-ground lightning flash causing damage and injury in Connecticut. Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. 78: 437-41.

Hornstein, R.A. 1962. Canadian lightning deaths and damage. Meteorological Branch, Dept. of TransportCanada. CIR-3719, TEC-423, 5 pp. [Available from Meteorological Service of Canada, 4905 Dufferin St., Downsview, ONO3H 5T4, Canada]

Howard, J.R. 1966. Effects of lightning and simulated lightning on tissues of animals. PhD Thesis, IowaStateUniversity.

Hunt, J.L., McManus, W.F., and Haney, W.P. 1974. Vasular lesions in acute electric injuries. J. Trauma 14: 461-73.

Imboden, L.E., and Newton, C.B. 1952. Myocardial infarction following electric. U.S. Armed Forces Med. J. 3: 497-502.

Ishikawa, T. 1982. Prevention against lightning accidents in Japan. Nihon. Univ. J. Med. 24: 1-14.

Ishikawa, T., Miyazawa, T., Ohashi, M. et al. 1981. Experimental studies on the effect of artificial respiration after lightning accidents. Res. Exp. Med. (Berlin) 179: 59-68.

Ishikawa, T., Ohashi, M., Kitagawa, N. et al. 1985. Experimental study on the lethal threshold value of multiple successive voltage impulses to rabbits simulating multi stroke lightning flash. Int. J. Biometeorol 29 (2): 157-68.

Jackson, S.H.D., and Parry, D.J. 1980. Lightning and the heart. BR. Heart J. 43: 454-7.

Jellinek, S. 1942. Death by lightning (Letter). 1942. BMJ p. 714.

Jemmi, A. 1965. Cochleovestibular lesions caused by electrical energy. L'otorhinolar, Ital. Bologna 34: 231-65.

Jex-Blake, A.J. 1913. Goulstonian lectures: Death by electric currents and by lightning. BMJ pp. 425-430, 492-498, 548-552, 601-603, Mar. 1,8,15,22

Johnstone, B.R., Harding, D.L., and Hocking, B. 1986. Telephone-related lightning injury. Medical J. Australia 144: 706-9.

Jones, D.T., Ogren, F.P., Roh, L.H., and Moore, G.F. 1991. Lightning and its effects on the auditory system. Larynogoscope 101: 830-4.

Junkins, E.P. et al. 1999. Lightning strike to the head of a helmeted motorcyclist. Am. J. Emerg. Med. 17: 213-4.

King, L.A. 1962. The voltage gradient of the free burning arc in air or nitrogen. Proc. Int. Con. Ionization Phenomena Gases, 5th, Munich, pp. 871-877, North Holland Publishing Co.

Kitagawa, N. 2000. The actual mechanisms of so-called step voltage injuries. 25th Int. Conf. on Lightning Protection, Rhodes, Greece, pp. 781-785.

Kitagawa, N. et al. 1971. Experimental studies on artificial lightning stroke with dummies and rabbits. Kagaku 40: 486-94.

Kitagawa, N., Kinoshita, K., T. Ishikawa, T. 1973. Discharge experiments using dummies and rabbits simulating lightning strokes on human bodies. Int. J. Biometerol. 17: 239-41.

Kitagawa, N.S., Turumi, T., Isikawa, T. et al. 1985. The nature of lightning discharges on human bodies and the basis for safety and protection, 18th Conference on Lightning, Munich.

Kithil, R., and Rakov, V.A. 2001. Small Shelters and Safety from Lightning. Golf Course Management 68: 104-12.

Kleiner, J.P., and Wilkin, J.H. 1978. Cardiac effects of lightning stroke. JAMA 240: 2757-9.

Kleinot, S., Klachko, D.M., and Kelley, K.J. 1966. The cardiac effects of lightning injury. S. Afr. Med. J. 40: 1141-3.

Knaggs, R.H.E. 1894. Unusual injuries caused by lightning strike. Lancet 1: 1216.

Kobayashi, T. 1974. Aural trauma caused by electric shock by lightning. Otolaryngol, Tokyo 40: 529.

Kotogal, S., Rawlings, C.A., Chen, S. et al. 1982. Neurologic, Physiatric and cardiovascular complications in children struck by lightning. Ped. 70: 190-2.

Krasheminnikov, V.F. 1965. Lightning injuries of the ear. Zh Ushn Nos Gorl Bolezn 25: 75.

Krasnov, A.K. 1967. A contribution to case histories on lightning injuries. For Med. Ex.10: 45.

Kravitz, R., Wasserman, M.J., Valaitis, J., Anzinger, R.E., and Naidu, S.H. 1977. Lightning injury—Management of a case with ten-day survival. A. J. Dis. Child 131: 413-5.

Kristensen, S., Tveteras, K. 1985. Lightning induced acoustic rupture of the tympanic membrane. J. Laryng. Otol. 99: 711-3.

Krob, M.J., Cram, A.E. 1983. Lightning injuries: A multisystem trauma. J. Iowa. Med. Soc. 73: 221-5.

Langley, R.L., Dunn, K.A., and Esinhart, J.D. 1991. Lightning fatalities in North Carolina 1972-1988. N. Carolina Med. J. 52: 281-4.

Langworthy, O.R. 1936. Neurological abormalities produced by electricity. J. Nerve Ment. Dis. 84: 13-26.

Lea, J.A. 1920. Paresis of accommodation following injury by lightning. Br. J. Ophthalmology 4: 417.

Lee, W.R. 1977. Lightning Injuries and death. In Lightning, pp. 521-543, R.H. Golde, ed., London: Academic Press.

Lee, W.R. 1977. Lightning injuries and death.In Lightning Vol. 2: Lightning Protection, R.H. Golde, ed., pp. 521-544, New York: Academic.

Leveille-Nizeroll, E.M., Lintzer, J.P., and Berezin, A. 1978. Auricular consequences of lightning. Ann Otolarynol Chir Cervicofac 95: 695-702.

Lopez, R.E., and Holle, R.L. 1995. Demographics of lightning casualties. Sem Neurology 15: 286-95.

Lopez, R.E., and Holle, R.L. 1996. Fluctuations of lightning casualties in the United States: 1959-1990. J. Climate 9: 608-15.

Lopez, R.E., and Holle, R.L. 1998. Changes in the number of lightning deaths in the United States during the twentieth century. J. Climate 11: 2070-7.

Lopez, R.E., Holle, R.L. and Heitkamp, T.A. 1995. Lightning casualties and property damage in Colorado from 1950 to 1991 based on storm data. Weather and Forecasting 10: 114-26.

Lopez, R.E., Holle, R.L., Heitkamp, T.A., Boyson, M., Cherington, M., and Langford, K. 1993. The underreporting of lightning injuries and deaths in Colorado. Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. 74: 2171-8.

Lynch, M.J.G., and Shorthouse, P.H. 1949. Injuries and death from lightning. Lancet 1: 473-8.

Mackerras, D. 1983. Observations of lightning-caused surges in a telephone line for the period 1979-1983. Univ. of Queensland, Dept. Electr. Engr., Rec. Rept. EE83/12.

Maggied, S.M. 1973. Lightning's incredible attack on American football in 1970. OhioState Med. J. 69: 603-6.

Mann, H., Kozic, Z., and Boulos, M. 1983. Ct of lightning injury. Am. J. Neuroradiol 4: 976-7.

Massello, W. 1988. Lightning deaths. Med-Leg. Bull. 37.

Matthews, M.S., and Fahey, A.L. 1997. Plastic surgical considerations in lightning injuries. Ann. Plast. Surg. 39: 561-5..