HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY

Chapter 10-Blood

I.  Composition and Functions of Blood

A.  Components.

§  Only fluid tissue in body

§  A ______in which the cells-formed elements are the ______in a ______matrix known as ______.

§  Fibrin strands apparent during blood clotting

§  For a blood sample spun in a centrifuge,elements to bottom and plasma to top,RBCS=______@ bottom and wt.______between them and plasma….=______=WBC’s and platelets(cell fragments that help stop bleeding

§  RBC’s=45% of the blood fraction(______)/WBC’s<1%/plasma~ 55%

B.  Physical Characteristics and Volume

§  Sticky,opaque fluid Metallic taste

§  Color varies from scarlet(O2 rich to dull red O2 poor)

§  Heavier than water and 5x more viscous

§  pH 7.35-7.45

§  38 C or 100.4 F

§  8% body weight

§  Volume in healthy men is ______

C.  Plasma

§  90% water-liquid part of blood

§  Dissolves about 100 different substances-______

§  ______--most abundant solutes most made by liver,except antibodies and certain hormones

Example:______-carrier to shuttle certain molecules through the circulation,is blood buffer,contributes to osmotic pressure of blood,keeping water warm in blood stream.

§  Clotting proteins

§  Antibodies to fight pathogens

§  Liver is stimulated to make more proteins when level falls to low and respiratory and urinary system are stimulated to come to bat when blood is too

acidic or alkaline

D.  Formed elements

1.  ______or RBC’s-function to ferry O2 in blood to all cells of the body

§  ______----lack a nucleus and have few organelles

§  A Hb bearing molecule

§  Lack mitochondria,so make ATP anaerobically…saving on the O2 they carry

§  Biconcave discs(donuts)-great for gas exchange

§  Outnumber wbc’s______and main reason behind blood viscosity

§  13-18 g/mL Hb male

§  ______=decrease in O2 –carrying ability of the blood

§  ______=abnormal shape in Hb is formed ,thus not allowing as many O2 molecules to unload

§  ______=an increase in # of RBC’s and may result from bone marrow cancer or from living at high altitudes-increases blood viscosity

2.Leukocytes=WBC’s

§  4000-11,000wbc/mm3(<1%total blood volume)

§  Complete cell

§  Can go in and out blood vessels to form protective army

§  ______-leaping across

§  ______allows them to find damaged cells and the they move to spot by ameboid motion

§  ______=total WBC count abobe 11,000-indicating a bacterial or viral infection

§  ______=low WBC countusually caused by drugs such as corticosteroids and anticancer drugs

§  ______=bone marrow becomes cancerous and huge numbers of WBC’s are immature and incapable of carrying out normal protective function-so you are prey to infection and rbc’s are outnumbered as well as platelets.

TWO GROUPS OF WBC’S:-GRANULOCYTES and AGRANULOCYTES

GRANULOCYTES:granule containing,lobed nuclei,several rounded nuclear areas,cytoplasm stains w/ Wright’s stain

1.  Neutrophils-most numerous;multilobed nucleus and very fine granules;phagocytes of esp. bacteria and fungi

2.  ______-blue-red nucleus that looks like phone receiver,lysosome-like,brick-red cytoplasmic granules/3 increases much during allergies and parasitic infections

3.  ______-rarest-has lg,histamine granules that stain dark blue(Histamine is an ______

AGRANULOCYTES:lack visible cyoplasmic granules,more of a normal nucleus

1.  ______-large dark purple nucleus that occupies most of the cell volume-goes to lymphatic tissue;2nd most numerous wbc

2.  ______-largest WBC;u-shaped nucleus;when they go into tissues they chanhe into macro phages

N

L

M

E

B

3.  Platelets-not cells=megakaryocytes---needed for clotting

E.Hematopoiesis

§  In red bone marrow-myeloid tissue-in skull and pelvis,ribs,sternum.humerus,and,femur

§  ______---common stem cell-see chart p.347

§  As young cell has produced lots of hemoglobin,the nucleus and most organelles are ejected and cell collapse inward and you have a ______,still having some______

§  They enter bloodstream to transport O2 and will eject ER w/in 2 days(Maturation 3-5 days)

§  ______is the hormone controlling RBC production rate-produced by the liver and mostly the kidneys

F.Formation of WBC’s and Platelets

§  Stimulated by hormones:______and ______-not only prompt red bone marrow to turn out WBC’s,but also assemble an army of WBC’s to ward off attacks by helping WBC’s protect

§  ______--accelerates production of platelets

§  ______-Long needle used in red bone marrow to test for such as aplastic anemia or leukemia

II.Hemostasis=stoppage of bleeding-3 phases

1.  Vascular spasms occur-immediate release of blood to blood vessel injury is______-causes spasms…narrows at that point,decreasing blood loss,until clotting can happen

2.  Platelet Plug forms-repelled by intact endothelium,but when broken and collagen is exposed,platelets become sticky and cling to site.They release chemicals to enhance spasms and attract more platelets-a ______forms

3.  Coagulation events occur

a.TF(tissue Factor)-helping clotting--- is released

b. PF3______-interacts w/TF and other blood clotting proteins activating a clotting cascade

c. prothrombin activator---converts prohtrombin in plasma to thrombin-an enzyme

d. Thrombin joins soluble fifrinogen proteins into insoluble______----forms a mesh work that traps RBC’s and begins a clot----read p.350…..happens 3-6 min.

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