What Cell Produces the Components in the Milk?

Mammary, Immune, and Renal Systems
Practice Exam 4
Supplemental Instruction
IowaStateUniversity / Leader: / Cody
Course: / AN S 214
Instructor: / Dr. Keating
Date: / 12/1/11

1. What cell produces the components in the milk?
2. Myoepithelial cells
3. Epithelial cells
4. Alveolus
5. Lactose cells

1. What cell, upon the interaction with oxytocin will contract, squeezing the milk out of the alveolus?
2. Myoepithelial cells
3. Epithelial cells
4. Lactose cells
5. Mammary cells

1. Which one is incorrectly matched?
2. Mammogenesis: breast development
3. Lactogenesis: synthesis of milk
4. Galactokinesis: prolactin stimulates milk letdown
5. Galactopoiesis: prolactin maintains lactation.

1. The most variable milk component and the least variable milk component:
2. Milk fat, milk carbohydrate.
3. Milk carbohydrate, milk fat.
4. Milk fat, milk protein.
5. Milk protein, milk carbohydrate.

1. What percent of milk protein is whey and what percent is casein?
2. 50:50
3. 75:25
4. 20:80
5. 80:20

1. What affect do surges of prolactin have on the hypothalamus that sustains milk production when an infant suckles in a post-partum female?
2. Stimulates GnRH, which increases the levels of FSH and LH
3. Inhibits GnRH, which decreases FSH and LH
4. Inhibits GnRH, which increases the levels of FSH and LH
5. Stimulates GnRH, which decreases FSH and LH

1. All describe casein protein EXCEPT:
2. Precipitates from the whey at pH 4.6.
3. Carries insoluble Ca and P to the newborn for skeletal development.
4. Has four types: α, β, κ, and γ.
5. Contains immunoglobulins.

1. A “foreign” molecule which can invoke the immune response is called a(n):
2. Hapten
3. antibody
4. immunoglobulin
5. antigen

1. Active artificially acquired immunity is a result of:
2. Antibodies passed on from mother to baby through breast milk.
3. Vaccination.
4. Injection of an immune serum.
5. Antibodies passed on from mother to fetus through the placenta.

1. Complement proteins work by:
2. Forming pores in the membranes of target cells.
3. Phagocytosis of target cells.
4. Neutralization of antigens.
5. Producing antibodies.

1. Cytotoxic T cells kill target cells:
2. By secreting antibodies.
3. By phagocytosis.
4. By releasing oxidizing agents.
5. Through insertion of perforins into the target’s membrane.

1. Lymphocytes that develop immunocompetence in the thymus are:
2. T lymphocytes.
3. NK cells.
4. B lymphocytes.
5. Cytotoxic T cells.

1. The immune cell that allows for subsequent recognition of an antigen, resulting in a secondary response, is called a(n):
2. Helper T cell.
3. Memory cell.
4. Antigen-presenting cells.
5. Plasma cell.

1. These molecules are secreted by leukocytes and macrophages and result in a fever.
2. Histamine
3. Antibodies
4. Pyrogens
5. Heparin

1. When a localized area exhibits increased capillary filtration, hyperemia, and swelling, it is an indication that:
2. Inflammation is occurring.
3. Antigens are present.
4. An immune response is underway.
5. Fever is developing.

1. Which of the following is a nonspecific barrier defense?
2. Macrophages
3. Natural killer cells
4. Mucous membranes
5. Complements

1. Which statement below is characteristic of a secondary humoral response?
2. It results in less memory cell circulation.
3. It results in less antibody secretion.
4. It triggers fever.
5. It occurs much more rapidly than a primary response.

1. Which type of molecule is produced by virus-infected cells to communicate to non-infected cells the presence of a virus?
2. Antigen
3. Pyrogen
4. Interleukin
5. Interferon

1. Which of the following is not one of the cardinal signs of inflammation?
2. Redness
3. Pain
4. Opsonization
5. Heat

1. Which of the following minerals needed for bacterial reproduction does both the liver and spleen sequester during a fever?
2. Magnesium
3. Zinc
4. Phosphorus
5. Copper

1. Which of the following is a characteristic of a secondary immune response?
2. A secondary immune response is started by naïve lymphocytes, while the primary immune response is initiated by memory cells.
3. A secondary immune response does produce as many antibodies compared to a primary immune response.
4. A secondary immune response is slower than a primary immune response.
5. A secondary immune response lasts longer than a primary immune response.

1. In the list below, which type of cell is involved in adaptive immunity?
2. Natural killer cells
3. Neutrophils
4. B cells
5. Macrophages

1. Which of the following is not a sign of inflammation?
2. Redness
3. Fever
4. Swelling
5. Pain

1. Humoral immunity is provided by:
2. T cells.
3. Interferons.
4. Antibodies.
5. Complement proteins.

1. ______is the property of lymphocytes that prevents them from attacking the body’s own cells.
2. Immunological memory
3. Self-tolerance
4. Antigenicity
5. Immunocompetence

1. Self-reactive B cells are eliminated in the:
2. Lymph nodes.
3. Thymus.
4. Spleen.
5. Bone marrow.

1. Which is correctly matched?
2. Helper T cells: recognize virus-infected cells
3. B cells: suppress the immune response once the foreign antigen has been cleared from the body.
4. Cytotoxic T cells: activated by antigens bound to MHC I
5. Regulatory T cells: make antibodies

1. MHC II proteins are found on:
2. Cytotoxic T cells.
3. Antigen-presenting cells.
4. Red blood cells.
5. Helper T cells.

1. Which of the following terms means to coat bacteria, making them easier to phagocytize by macrophages and neutrophils.
2. Opsonization
3. Complement fixation
4. Pyrexia
5. MAC coating

1. Infected cells of the pancreas would display a foreign antigen fragment on a(n):
2. Immunoglobulin A
3. MAC membrane complex
4. MHC I
5. MHC II

1. Without this cell, there is no immune response?
2. Cytotoxic T cell
3. B cell
4. Macrophages
5. Helper T cell

1. What hypersensitivity is caused by T lymphocytes?
2. Chronic
3. Delayed
4. Acute
5. Subacute

1. How is Na+ reabsorbed?
2. Osmosis
3. Facilitated diffusion
4. Active transport using ATP
5. Diffusion

1. Major calyces are:
2. Cone-shaped structures located in the renal medulla.
3. Large branches of the renal pelvis.
4. The expanded ends of renal pyramids.
5. Expanded ends of nephrons.

1. Micturition is:
2. A sacral reflex.
3. Only present in males.
4. A mechanism for concentrating urine.
5. Production of urine.

1. The basic functional unit of the kidney is the:
2. Major calyx.
3. Nephron.
4. Glomerulus.
5. Loop of Henle.

1. The blood supply to the nephron is the:
2. Renal artery.
3. Segmental artery.
4. Interlobular artery.
5. Afferent arteriole.

1. The Bowman’s capsule and glomerulus make up the:
2. Collecting system.
3. Renal corpuscle.
4. Papilla.
5. Loop of Henle.

1. The most important factor affecting the glomerular filtration rate is:
2. Blood hydrostatic pressure.
3. Capsular hydrostatic pressure.
4. Capsular osmotic pressure.
5. Blood osmotic pressure.

1. When the concentration of ADH increases:
2. More salt is secreted by the nephron.
3. Less water is reabsorbed by the nephron and collecting duct.
4. Less urine is produced.
5. The specific gravity of the urine decreases.

1. Which process results in increased glomerular filtration in response to hormone release?
2. Tubuloglomerular response
3. Renin-angiotensin mechanism
4. Myogenic mechanism
5. Countercurrent mechanism

1. Which structure is the muscular tube that delivers urine to the bladder?
2. Urethra
3. Papillary duct
4. Renal pelvis
5. Ureter

1. Which substance would NOT normally be expected in urine?
2. Protein
3. Nitrogenous waste
4. Sodium
5. Chloride

1. Arrange the following structures in the correct sequence in which urine passes through them to the external environment. (1) ureter, (2) renal pelvis, (3) calyx, (4) urinary bladder, (5) urethra
2. 3, 4, 1, 5, 2
3. 2, 4, 1, 3, 5
4. 3, 2, 1, 4, 5
5. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5

1. In situations where there is an extreme change in blood pressure (mean arterial pressure less than 80 or greater than 180 mm Hg), extrinsic controls take precedence over intrinsic controls.
2. True
3. False

1. Water can leave the ascending limb of the loop of Henle.
2. True
3. False

1. The descending limb of the loop of Henle is relatively impermeable to solutes and freely permeable to water.
2. True
3. False

1. If the efferent arteriole constricts while the afferent arteriole remains unchanged, the glomerular filtration rate:
2. Cannot be determined.
3. Increases.
4. Does not change.
5. Decrease.

1. Which of the following statements about the urinary system is INCORRECT?
2. It metabolizes vitamin D to its active form.
3. It produces erythropoietin, which stimulates red blood cell formation.
4. It produces renin, which helps regulate blood pressure.
5. It carries out the majority of gluconeogenesis in the body.

1. The renal hilum lies on the ______surface of the kidney.
2. Inferior
3. Medial
4. Superior
5. Lateral

1. The ______attaches the kidney to the posterior body wall.
2. Fibrous capsule
3. Renal fascia
4. Ureter
5. Perirenal fat capsule

1. The renal ______is continuous with the ureter.
2. Medulla
3. Cortex
4. Pelvis
5. Glomerulus

1. Which of the following cells in the kidney play a major part in the regulation of body water and Na+ balance?
2. Principle cells
3. Granular cells
4. Intercalated cells A
5. Intercalated cells B

1. All of the following are layers of the filtration membrane in the glomerular membrane, except the:
2. Fenestrated endothelium
3. Basement membrane
4. Renal capsule
5. Visceral membrane

1. The ______can contract, changing the total surface are of the capillaries available for filtration in the glomerulus.
2. Macula densa
3. Juxtaglomerular cells
4. Intercalated cells
5. Mesangial cells

1. All of the following functions are carried out the renal tubules, except:
2. Filtration
3. Reabsorption
4. Secretion
5. Formation of urine

1. All of the following would stimulate the release of renin from granular cells. Except
2. Hemorrhaging or dehydration.
3. Inhibition by the macula densa cells.
4. Stimulation of the granular cells by the sympathetic nervous system.
5. Reduced stretching of the granular cells.

1. Which of the following is the countercurrent multiplier in the kidney?
2. The vasa recta
3. The loop of Henle of a juxtamedullary nephron
4. The proximal convoluted tubule
5. Bowman’s capsule around the glomerulus

1. Which of the following substances is the largest component of urine by weight after water?
2. Uric acid
3. Creatinine
4. Urea
5. Inulin

1. Which of the following is a function of the urinary system?
2. Filter plasma
3. Regulate blood pressure
4. Regulate pH
5. All of the above
   

ESSAY TOPICS

Below are sample essay questions. For each, draft the response you would provide on an actual exam. Use key words and topic sentences to make an outline of a potential essay. Make sure to draw any diagrams required. Note: Most of these questions can most easily be answered with a schematic representation accompanied by brief descriptions of the drawn elements. In other words: if it helps – DRAW A PICTURE.

MAMMARY SYSTEM:

1) Diagram the effects of suckling of an infant on the pituitary glands. Be sure to include the hormones that are involved and there feedback mechanisms.

2) Describe in detail the four phases of lactation.

IMMUNE SYSTEM:

1)Explain how phagocytes are mobilized and then discuss what happens during the event of phagocytosis.

Questions 2 and 3 are connected, so they will be written together to show that connection.

2)Trace the path of activation for a T cell. Be sure to note the differences in post-activation functions of TC and TH cells.

3)Trace the path of activation for a B cell. Be sure to note the differences in post-activation functions of plasma and memory cells.

4) Explain why re-exposure to an antigen will not illicit clinical sickness.

RENAL SYSTEM:

1)Discuss renal autoregulation of the glomerular filtration rate.

2) Trace the path of filtrate from the glomerulus to the collecting duct.

3) Discuss the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone axis with respect to its role in the regulation of kidney function.