Module - Chairside Dental Assisting with Labs
Faculty Teaching Guide for Chairside Dental Assisting with Labs
Module - Embryology and Morphology
Faculty Teaching Guide for Chairside Dental Assisting with Labs
Module: Embryology and Morphology
Module Overview
The formation of dental materials and their eruption into the oral cavity are studied in this module as well as the relationship of each tooth to all others. The specific design and function of each individual tooth will also be discussed.
The Big Picture
Resources
This module utilizes the following learner resources:
Textbooks:
Dental Assisting, A Comprehensive Approach, 2nd edition, by Donna J. Phinney and Judy Halstead. Delmar Learning, 2004. ISBN 1-4018-3480-9.
Safety Standards and Infection Control for Dental Assistants, by Ellen Dietz, Delmar Learning, 2002. ISBN 0-7668-2659-7.
Workbook: Workbook to Accompany Dental Assisting, A Comprehensive Approach, 2nd edition, by Donna J. Phinney and Judy Halstead, prepared by Karen L. Waide, Delmar Learning, 2004. ISBN 1-4018-3483-3.
Instructor’s Manual:Instructor’s Manual to Accompany Delmar’s Dental Assisting, A Comprehensive Approach, 2nd edition, by Donna J. Phinney and Judy Halstead. Delmar Learning, 2004. ISBN 1-4018-3482-5.
Delmar’s Dental Assisting Video Series: Delmar Learning. ISBN 0-7668-1031-3
Faculty CD-ROM: The faculty CD-ROM includes this Faculty Guide and the Power Point Presentation for Nutrition, Anatomy and Physiology.Chairside Dental Assisting with Labs.
Additional Resources
Electronic Classroom Manager to Accompany Delamr’s Dental Assisting, A Comprehensive Approach, 2nd edition, by Donna J. Phinney and Judy Halstead. Delmar Learning, 2004. ISBN: 1-4018-3484-1.
Section 1: Embryology and Histology
Section Overview
Embryology is the study of embryos and their development, and histology is the study of microscopic anatomy. Together these topics compare the ideal dentition to deformities that may bring patients to the dental office.
Outline of Section
Part A: Oral Embryology
Part B: Histology
Learning Objectives and Competencies
These learning activities directly address the Learning Objectives and Competencies as stated.
Knowledge
- Define the Key Terms.
Comprehension
- Identify the three prenatal phases of pregnancy.
3. Describe the life cycle of a tooth and the stages of development.
4. State the substances making up enamel, dentin, cementum, and pulp.
5. List the structures of the gingiva.
6. Explain the location and function of the four primary tooth structures.
Learning Activities
These learning activities directly address the Learning Objectives and Competencies as stated.
[Insert Homework Assignment icon] Key Term Glossary (Part A, All Objectives)
[Insert In-Class Activity icon] Cleft Palate Research and Report (Part A, Objectives 2-3)
[Insert Homework Assignment icon] Textbook Assignment (Part A, All Objectives)
[Insert In-Class Activity icon] Dental Histology Project (Part B, Objectives 4-6)
[Insert Homework Assignment icon] End of Chapter Activities (Part B, All Objectives)[Insert In-Class Activity icon] Homework Review (Part B, Objectives 4-5)
[Insert Homework Assignment icon] Workbook Assignment (Part B, All Objectivess)[Insert Homework Assignment icon] Food Label Research (Part B, Objectives
Part A: Oral Embryology
Overview
The growth and development of a person begins with fertilization, when cells begin rapidly multiplying and specializing into their various body parts. An embryo goes through many developmental stages, where minor defficiencies can create negative consequences for which patients may seek dental treatment. This part examines each stage of embryonic growth as they relate to the teeth and oral cavity.
Initial Questions and Activities
1. Why is it important for women to have proper nutrition during pregancy?
Without proper nutrition the forming infant will not have what it needs to grow into a healthy child. What the mother eats, medications she takes, smoking, everything the mother takes into her body will affect the child that is to be born.
Key Concepts / References and Activities / SlidesIntroduction to the Module / Slides 1-2
Introduction to Section 1 / Slides 3-4
Key Terms / [Insert Home Ass icon] Key Term Glossary / Slides 5-6
Oral Embryology / Chapter ____, pp. ____ (Phinney & Halstead)
[Insert In-Class Activity icon] Cleft Palate Research and Report
[Insert Home Ass icon] Textbook Assignment / Slides 7-16
[ ] Group Activities [ ] Homework [ ] Individual Activity [ ] Internet Activity [ ] In-Class Discussion [ ] In-Class Act [ ] Evaluation
[Insert In-Class Act icon] In-Class Activities
Cleft Palate Research and Report (Part A, Objectives 2-3).Goal: To have learners use the Internet to research and develop information on cleft palate and cleft lip. Have the learners go to the computer lab to research information on cleft lip and cleft palate. They should discover information such as patient education, support groups, links to detailed medical research, reasons for the irregularities, and treatments available. Learners should be told to work on their own while in the lab. After a set amount of time, have learners return to class and present their findings to the class. Discuss as a group the differences and similarities to the information that was discovered.
[Insert In-Class Dis Ques icon]In-Class Discussion
1. What are the proper terms for the upper jaw and the lower jaw? Why is it important for dental assistants to
know the proper terms?
The upper jaw is called the maxilla or maxillary arch, and the lower jaw is the mandible or mandibular
arch. Make sure learners understand the importance of knowing the
proper terms.
[Insert Home Ass icon]Homework Assignments
Key Term Glossary. Learners will define key terms listed in the PowerPoint presentation. They are to enter this glossary on disk, in a dedicated notebook or in a designated part of a notebook. They are expected to augment information from text or lecture with other resources including any available in the school or public libraries or on the Internet and will be graded at the end of the module on completeness and presentation.
Textbook Assignment. Learners are to read Chapter ____ (Phinney & Halstead).Have learners complete the workbook Chapter ____ questions. Learners should be prepared to review these in class.
Presentation Tools
Note: If you change Objectives or Assignments, don’t forget to change the slides accordingly.
Slide 1 / [Insert CDA 1-1]CDA – Stands for Chairside Dental Assisting with Labs. The 1st number “1” indicates the Module called Embryology and Morphology. The 2nd number indicates the slide number. / PowerPoint Presentation for Chairside Dental Assisting with Labs
Module: Embryology and Morphology
Prior to introducing this module. Ask learners if any questions remain from their previous studies. If questions remain review the material as needed.
Introduce the module.
Slide 2 / [Insert IIDACDA 1-2] / Module: Embryology and Morphology
Introduce the sections and each part.
Slide 3 / [Insert CDA 1-3] / Section 1: Embryology and Histology
Discuss each objective in detail. Learners need to know what they will be learning and why. Try to relate it back to their careers as dental assistants.
Slide 4 / [Insert IIDACDA 1-4] / Section 1: Embryology and Histology (cont.)
Continue to discuss each objective in detail.
Slide 5 / [Insert CDA 1-5] / Key Terms
Review each key term and discuss.
Homework Assignment: Remind learners about the Key Term Glossary homework assignment.
Slide 6 / [Insert IIDACDA 1-6] / Key Terms (cont.)
Continue to review each key term and discuss.
Slide 7 / [Insert CDA 1-7] / Part A: Oral Embryology
Inform learners that the definition of Embryology is the study of the development of the individual during the embryonic stage. Explain that the definition of prenatal refers to before birth, natal refers to birth, and post-natal is following birth.
Discuss with learners that the zygote begins with conception through the first two weeks, the embryo is the developing individual from two through eight weeks, and the fetus is the developing individual from nine weeks until the time of birth.
Slide 8 / [Insert CDA 1-8] / Fertilization
Inform learners that once fertilization takes place, cell division and specialization of the cells begin. Explain what proliferation is.
Discuss the three stages of differentiation.
Slide 9 / [Insert CDA 1-9] / Embryonic Stage
Explain to the learners that the outer layer of the embryo, the ectoderm, will become the skin, brain and spinal cord, hair and nails, teeth enamel, and the lining of the oral cavity.
Slide 10 / [Insert CDA 1-10] / Factors Influencing Prenatal Development
Explain that what individuals inherit from their parents will determine future dentition; that if one parent has large teeth, and the other has a small jaw, the child may have problems with crowding, and if one parent has small teeth and a large jaw, the child may inherit the opposite spacing problems with the teeth. Explain that some people are missing teeth and some have extra teeth.
Ensure learners understand that good maternal health and nutrition throughout the pregnancy is essential, because they affect the developing child.
Explain that during pregnancy fever, disease, and medications may cause problems for the evolving embryo. An example would be the antibiotic tetracycline prescribed to pregnant women may result in intrinsic yellow-brown staining of the teeth.
Slide 11 / [Insert CDA 1-11] / Palatal Development
Discuss with learners how fusion of the palate occurs within the 4th through 8th weeks of intrauterine life and if not fused properly, may result in a combination of cleft palate or cleft lip, which also creates missing and/or malaligned teeth.
Explain to learners that if the failure of fusion is on both sides of the midline, it is called bilateral, and if on one side only, called unilateral.
Address how if failure of the palatal tissues to fuse occurs this creates an opening in the hard or soft palate. Treatment of this defect depends on the severity and is begun as soon as the infant weighs about 10 pounds.
In-Class Activity: Stop here for the Cleft Palate Report activity.
Slide 12 / [Insert CDA 1-12] / Lifecycle of a Tooth
Explain how the formation of the tooth bud begins with changes in the dental lamina.
Describe how multiplication of cells results in the cap stage and progresses into the bell stage as the cells differentiate into various tissues, and then into a tooth shape.
Refer learners to the figure in Chapter ____ pg. ____ (Phinney & Halstead) that shows the life cycle of a tooth.
Slide 13 / [Insert CDA 1-13] / Developmental Problems
Discuss each term associated with problems that can occur during the developmental stages of the tooth. Go through the definition of each term..
Slide 14 / [Insert CDA 1-14] / Eruption Period
Explain that eruption is the migration of the tooth into a functional position in the arch and the continued eruption throughout its lifetime.
Discuss how prefunctional begins with the formation of the tooth and is complete when the tooth meets the occlusal plane. Explain that functional is how the tooth continues to move into proper relationship to the jaws and other teeth
Discuss how problems occur during these processes, such as impacted or malpositioned teeth, or ankylosis, when teeth are fused to the bone, due to lack of a periodontal ligament.
Slide 15 / [Insert CDA 1-15] / Factors Contributing to Tooth Eruption
Discuss each of the conditions that contribute to teeth erupting into the oral cavity. Tell them that new bone is deposited by osteoblasts, and that osteoclasts resorb, or remove existing bone.
Slide 16 / [Insert CDA 1-16] / Maturation Stage
Explain that teeth continue to erupt throughout their lifetime, but are worn down as a normal process of age. Point out how abnormal attrition may be caused by improper occlusion or stress.
Describe how bruxism can wear down teeth due to excessive gritting or grinding, that erosion is the wearing away of tooth structure by chemical means, and abrasion is wearing away of tooth structure by mechanical means or friction.
Examples of erosion are those people who suck on lemons or who are bulimic, and how common toothbrush abrasion is; when people don’t brush properly and wear down the gingival margin of the dentition.
vities.
Homework Assignment: Stop here to assign and discuss the workbook and end of chapter homework homework
Part B: Histology
Overview
Histology is the study of the microscopic composition and function of various tissues of the body. The specialized cells of the teeth and surrounding structures will be discussed in this part. It is important for dental providers to understand these different structures and the characteristics of how they work.
Initial Questions and Activities
1. From your previous studies, what are the four main parts of a tooth?
Learners should know this material. If any confusion exists make sure and clear up.
The main parts of the tooth are the enamel, dentin, pulp, and cementum.
Key Concepts / References and Activities / SlidesHistology / Chapter ____, pp. ____ (Phinney & Halstead)[Insert In-Class Activity icon] Homework Review
[Insert In-Class Activity icon] Dental Histology Project
[Insert Homework Ass icon] [Insert Homework Ass icon] Food Label Research / Slides 17-24
Assessment Questions / Slide 25
[ ] Group Activities [ ] Homework [ ] Individual Activity [ ] Internet Activity [ ] In-Class Discussion [ ] In-Class Activity [ ] Evaluation
[Insert In-Class Act icon] In-Class Activities
Homework Review (Part B, All Objectives). Goal: To access learners’ comprehension of the material. Review the Chapter ___ workbook assignment questions and the Case Study, Review and Critical Thinking Questions that learners completed as homework. Assess the learners understanding and review material as needed.
Dental Histology Project (Part B, Objectives 4-6). Goal: For learners to develop an understanding of the differences in the various tissues of the tooth. Separate the class into 6 groups and assign each group one tooth tissue to study: enamel, dentin, cementum, pulp, the alveolar process, or gingiva. Each group should prepare a short presentation on the cellular structure of their tissue, as well as potential problems that can occur, and what treatments are available to remedy the situation. This exercise should be done at the beginning of Part B. As these areas are discussed have the group in charge of that topic present their information and discuss as needed.
[Insert In-Class Dis Ques icon]In-Class Discussion
1.Why do you think the cuspids are more yellow in color than most of the other teeth?
The cuspids are more yellow because they contain more dentin than other teeth and the dentin shows through the translucent enamel.
[Insert Home Ass icon]Homework Assignments
Workbook Assignment. Have learners complete the workbook Chapter ____ questions. Learners should be prepared to review these in class.
End of Chapter Activities. Have learners complete the Case Study, Review Questions and Critical Thinking Questions in Chapter ____ (Phinney & Halstead).
Ideas for learners struggling with this material …
Tooth Poster. Have learners draw a tooth, with the six primary tissues labeled, on a large piece of paper or poster board. This type of activity may help secure their knowledge of the six primary tissues.
Ideas for learners who are ahead and want to learn more…
Web Research. Go on the Internet and find a recent article about new technology in dentistry. Write a brief report with the web site included. Present the information to the class.
Presentation Tools
Note: If you change Objectives or Assignments, don’t forget to change the slides accordingly.
Slide 17 / [Insert CDA 1-17] / Part B: Histology of EnamelReview Part A.
Review the homework from Part A and discuss material as needed.
In-Class Activity: Stop here for the Homework Review activity. Make sure that any remaining questions are answered.
Introduce Part B.
In-Class Activity: Stop here for the Dental Histology Project.
Remind learners that enamel is formed by ameloblasts and its matrix, including the fact that it consists of enamel rods, or prisms.
Describe the listed characteristics of enamel.
Slide 18 / [Insert CDA 1-18] / Histology of Dentin
Discuss the composition of dentin and that it makes up most of the tooth. Explain how the dentinal tubules travel through the dentin from the dentinoenamel junction and the dentinocementum junction to the pulp.
Describe the listed characteristics of dentin.
Slide 19 / [Insert CDA 1-19] / Histology of Dentin (Cont.)
Explain to learners that there are three types of dentinal tissues.
Address how primary dentin is formed prior to eruption of the tooth and forms the bulk of the tooth, that secondary dentin continues to grow throughout the life of the tooth, and that tertiary dentin is formed as the tooth attempts to repair itself in response to trauma, such as dental decay or other irritations.
Slide 20 / [Insert CDA 1-20] / Histology of the Pulp
Ensure learners understand that the pulp is the vital, living part of the tooth, located inside of the dentin.
Explain that the pulp cavity is made up of blood, nerve, and lymph vessels, and lined with odontoblasts. The tooth pulp provides moisture and nutrients to the tooth, reacts to external stimuli such as temperature, and attempts to wall off irritants via white blood cells.
Describe to learners some of the problems that can happen to the pulp. Swelling can occur due to caries or other trauma, pulpitis is inflammation of the pulp, pulpstones are calcified areas of the pulp, and necrotic pulp is pulp that is either dead or dying.
Slide 21 / [Insert CDA 1-21] / Histology of Cementum
Explain how cementum is formed by cementoblasts and consists of primary and secondary cementum.
Address the location of the primary cementum and how the secondary cementum is formed.
Point out that the cementum anchors the tooth in the socket via periodontal ligaments, such as Sharpey’s fibers, and that problems can occur.
Explain hypercementosis and cementoclasia.
Slide 22 / [Insert CDA 1-22] / Histology of the Alveolar Process
Explain the alveolar process.
Describe how cancellous bone is spongy bone, cortical plate is the dense outer covering of bone, the socket is the alveolus in which the tooth root sits, the interdental septum is the bone separating one tooth socket from another, the interradicular septum is the bone separating roots of teeth, the lamina dura is thin compact bone lining the alveolar socket, and the alveolar crest is the highest point of the alveolar ridge.
Explain to learners that the alveolar process is sensory via nerves passing through the bone, supportive to the teeth in the socket, nutritive via blood vessels, and formative via the osteoblasts.
Describe periodontitis as inflammation around the tooth, caused by plaque and that it creates a loss of bone, and periodontosis as a loss of bone, usually caused by traumatic occlusion.
Slide 23 / [Insert CDA 1-23] / Histology of the Periodontal Ligament
Explain how the periodontal ligament is derived from the dental sack that covers the developing tooth. It is composed of bundles of white connective tissue extending from the cementum to the alveolar bone.
Inform learners that the periodontal ligaments function as support for the tooth, as they suspend and cushion the tooth in the socket. The ligaments help form cementum via cementoblasts, form periodontal ligaments via fibroblasts, and form bone by osteoblasts.
Discuss how the nerves of the ligaments supply the tooth with a sense of touch, and provide nutrition through blood vessels in the ligaments.
Explain that periodontal ligaments can resorb bone and cementum if necessary.
Explain that problems with the periodontal ligament include fusion of the tooth to the bone, ankylosis, and loss of function when a tooth no longer has an antagonist, then the ligament narrows and the fibers lose their regular arrangement.
Slide 24 / [Insert CDA 1-24] / Histology of Gingiva
Explain gingiva and its appearance when healthy.
Ensure learners understand that the gingiva functions to protect delicate tissue, aids in chewing, and protects against the invasion of bacteria. Discuss that gingivitis is inflammation of the gingival and that periodontitis and periodontosis are also diseases of the gingiva.
Slide 25 / [Insert IIDACDA 1-25] / Assessment Questions
Short Activity: Stop here and have learners answer the questions on the slide. Review material as needed to enhance understanding.In-Class Activity: Go over Diet Diary homework assignment through discussion.
:
Homework Assignment: Stop here to assign and discuss the homework.
Section 2: Morphology