American History I: Growing Diversity and Independence

I. Population Growth

•Population in 1776 = ______(100x the 1640 population level)

•Birth rates were high (average woman gave birth ______times)

•Better housing, sanitary living conditions, and medical care reduced the number of deaths from disease (except in overcrowded cities)

•Immigration & slavery

II. The Pennsylvania ______

•German immigrants, including the Mennonites, who came to Pennsylvania seeking religious freedom

•By 1775, over 100,000 ______had settled from Pennsylvania to NC

•Moved to just east of the Appalachian Mountains and set up prosperous ______

III. The Scotch-Irish

•Left Ireland for Pennsylvania due to ______and ______pressures

•These immigrants typically pushed as far west as possible, settling along the mountain frontier, where land was unclaimed and, therefore, ______

•Spread as far south as ______

IV. African Slaves

•Brought to the Colonies as plantation labor

•Came from many different West African cultures and were then thrown together on the plantations, forcing them to adapt and develop new, American-specific cultures such as the ______culture of the South Carolina Low-Country plantations

V. South Carolinian Slavery

•Slaves dramatically ______whites on the plantations, so order was maintained through harsh punishments – ______, brandings, mutilations, ______

•Whites maintained night watches to prevent rebellion, and regularly patrolled for runaway slaves

VI. Virginian Slavery

•Ratio of slaves to whites was much ______and working conditions were less unpleasant than in SC

•Planters were _____ watchful and demanding of their slaves, allowing them to move around unchecked and often rewarding them with time off or extra rations for completing jobs ahead of schedule or unusually well

•Slaves were still severely punished for disobedience and other transgressions

VII. Slave Resistance

•Slaves sometimes ran away to join the ______

•Often used ______resistance techniques: refused to work hard, worked slowly, broke or lost tools or other supplies, deliberately made mistakes

VIII. ______Rebellion

•1739: 75 South Carolinian slaves attacked their overseers and seized a supply of weapons

•The slaves made for ______Florida, which had promised freedom to any runaways

•The local militia caught up with the slaves and ended the rebellion by ______most of the runaways

•Resulted in much harsher laws in SC regarding slaves

IX. The ______

•European philosophers began to stress the importance of human ______(and deemphasize the role of religion) in solving all manner of social problems

•Argued that man could come to understand all social, economic, and political relationships because these things were bound by ______

X. John ______

•Author of Two Treatises on Government (1689)

•The right of a monarch to rule is not ______, but rather comes from the ______

•All people have the natural right to ______

•Government exists to ______those rights, not to threaten them; if the government fails to protect people’s natural rights, then the people are entitled to ______that government

•Essay on Human Understanding (1690)

•People are not born sinful, but rather they are blank slates (______) that are shaped by society and education

•People can, and should, improve themselves by improving their ______

•Locke’s writings were popular in the Colonies because it backed up their belief that they had ______rights as English citizens and re-enforced their belief that they were building a new and better world than what existed in Europe

XI. Baron de ______

•Author of The Spirit of the Laws (1748)

•Argued for ______of government power into three branches (executive, legislative, and judicial), where each branch limited the power of the other two through a system of ______& ______

XII. The Great ______

•Religious counterpoint to the ______

•A new movement, called ______, emphasized the need for people to engage in a more personal and emotional relationship with God

•Pietism was spread through the holding of revivals (large public prayer meetings led by charismatic and zealous Protestant ministers)

XIII. Jonathan ______

•1703 – 1758

•New England preacher who wanted to revive the spiritual fervor of the early Puritans

•Gave “______” style sermons with vivid images of Hell and called for his fellow Christians to repent and become “______”

XIV. George ______-

•1714 – 1770

•Best known and most influential of the Great Awakening ministers

•Anglican minister who openly challenged the authority of ministers who had not been “______,” leading to serious tensions, and even splits, within many American congregations

XV. Baptist Threat

•The Planter class tried desperately to suppress the ______church, fearing that its anti-slavery message would undermine their control of their slaves

•Despite these efforts, however, ______continued to spread

XVI. Consequences of the Great Awakening

•New religious beliefs stressed an independent relationship with ______

•Older Puritan churches declined in number, while revivalist churches such as Baptists and Methodists surged

•Baptist churches grew especially strong in the ______, where its message of social equality before God struck a chord with poor farmers and slaves