MARTINS ET AL. (2017)
Supplemental Material- Tables
Patterns of pollinator turnover and increasing diversity associated with urban habitats
Urban Ecosystems
Authors: Kyle T. Martins, Andrew Gonzalez, Martin J. Lechowicz
Department of Biology, McGill University, Montréal, Québec
1205 Docteur Penfield Avenue, Montréal, Québec, Canada, H3A 1B1
Tel.: (514) 398-6456 / Fax: (514) 398-5069
Corresponding Author: Kyle T. Martins
Email:
Tel.: 514-972-7891
Table S1 Lists the definitions of seven land classes that were interpreted within a 250 m radius of sites from satellite imagery
Category / DefinitionCash Crops / Monocultures of corn or soy.
Forest / Treed areas comprising any forest type, including deciduous, mixed or coniferous.
Hedgerow / Linear elements in the landscape comprising drainage ditches between fields that may or may not be covered by some shrubbery. It also includes windbreaks between fields.
Orchard / Apple orchards of varying tree density, comprising either standard or dwarf trees.
Scrub / Transition area between semi-natural areas and forests. Open areas featuring at least some early-succession woody vegetation, including brambles (Rubus spp.), staghorn sumac (Rhus typhina) or young poplars (Populus spp.).
Semi-natural Area / Abandoned agricultural lots dominated by a mixture of grasses and forbs with little woody vegetation. Characteristic vegetation included Ageratinaaltissima, Daucus carota, Lythrum salicaria, Solidago and Trifolium.
Suburbia / Primarily consisting of low-density residential housing but also including roads, parks, industrial areas and commercial centres. Horticultural flowers commonly found in parks and gardens included Astilbe, Hosta, Echinacea purpurea and Hydrangea.
Table S2 Gives the variance explained by each principal component (PC) in the Principal Component Analysis of the site by land cover type matrix (Fig S1). PC’s that explain a greater amount of variance in the response matrix than with a broken-stick distribution are in bold
Eigenvalue / Variance % / CumulativeVariance % / Broken-stick % / Cumulative
Broken-stick %
PC1 / 1.82x10-1 / 51.8 / 51.8 / 37.0 / 37.0
PC2 / 1.13x10-1 / 32.0 / 83.8 / 22.8 / 59.8
PC3 / 4.49x10-2 / 12.7 / 96.5 / 15.6 / 75.4
PC4 / 1.01x10-2 / 2.88 / 99.4 / 10.9 / 86.3
PC5 / 1.58x10-3 / 4.50x10-1 / 99.8 / 7.28 / 93.5
PC6 / 3.92x10-4 / 1.11x10-1 / 100 / 4.42 / 98.0
PC7 / 1.71x10-4 / 4.85x10-2 / 100 / 2.04 / 100
Family / Species / Acc / A / P / Sociality / Size Class / Nest / S1 / S2 / S3 / d'
Andrenidae / Andrena hirticincta Provancher, 1888 / Ahirt / 10 / 7 / Solitary / M / soil / 0.00 / 0.33 / 0.67 / 0.03
Andrenidae / Andrena miranda Smith, 1879 / Amira / 1 / 1 / Solitary / M / soil / 0.25 / 0.75 / 0.00
Andrenidae / Andrena nubecula Smith, 1853 / Anube / 8 / 4 / Solitary / M / soil / 0.00 / 0.33 / 0.67 / 0.45
Andrenidae / Andrena barbilabris
(Kirby, 1802) / Aplac / 1 / 1 / Solitary / M / soil / 0.50 / 0.50 / 0.00
Andrenidae / Andrena wilkella (Kirby, 1802) / Awilk / 2 / 2 / Solitary / M / soil / 0.40 / 0.60 / 0.00
Andrenidae / Calliopsis andreniformis
Smith, 1853 / Candr / 1 / 1 / Solitary / S / soil / 0.33 / 0.50 / 0.17
Andrenidae / Perdita octomaculata (Say, 1824) / Pocto / 23 / 3 / Solitary / S / soil / 0.00 / 0.50 / 0.50 / 0.25
Andrenidae / Pseudopanurgus andrenoides
(Smith, 1853) / Pandr / 11 / 5 / Solitary / S / soil / 0.00 / 0.50 / 0.50 / 0.15
Apidae / Apis mellifera
Linnaeus 1758 / Amell / 891 / 36 / Eusocial / L / cavity / 0.29 / 0.43 / 0.29 / 0.32
Apidae / Bombus bimaculatus Cresson, 1863 / Bbima / 68 / 23 / Eusocial / L / cavity / 0.40 / 0.60 / 0.00 / 0.36
Apidae / Bombus borealis
Kirby, 1837 / Bbore / 9 / 5 / Eusocial / L / cavity / 0.17 / 0.50 / 0.33 / 0.56
Apidae / Bombus citrinus (Smith, 1854) / Bcitr / 62 / 16 / Parasite / L / cavity / 0.17 / 0.50 / 0.33 / 0.18
Apidae / Bombus fervidus (Fabricius, 1798) / Bferv / 3 / 3 / Eusocial / L / cavity / 0.17 / 0.50 / 0.33
Apidae / Bombus griseocollis (DeGeer, 1773) / Bgris / 168 / 32 / Eusocial / L / cavity / 0.17 / 0.50 / 0.33 / 0.34
Apidae / Bombus impatiens Cresson, 1863 / Bimpa / 386 / 39 / Eusocial / L / cavity / 0.29 / 0.43 / 0.29 / 0.32
Apidae / Bombus perplexus Cresson, 1863 / Bperp / 6 / 5 / Eusocial / L / cavity / 0.33 / 0.50 / 0.17 / 0.34
Apidae / Bombus rufocinctus Cresson, 1863 / Brufo / 86 / 24 / Eusocial / M / cavity / 0.20 / 0.60 / 0.20 / 0.34
Apidae / Bombus sandersoni Franklin, 1913 / Bsand / 1 / 1 / Eusocial / L / cavity / 0.17 / 0.50 / 0.33
Apidae / Bombus ternarius
Say, 1837 / Btern / 21 / 8 / Eusocial / M / cavity / 0.29 / 0.43 / 0.29 / 0.16
Apidae / Bombus terricola
Kirby, 1837 / Bterr / 1 / 1 / Eusocial / L / cavity / 0.17 / 0.50 / 0.33
Apidae / Bombus vagans
Smith, 1854 / Bvaga / 76 / 25 / Eusocial / L / cavity / 0.29 / 0.43 / 0.29 / 0.28
Table S3 List of bee species, species acronyms (Acc), abundance (A), number of sites at which each was present (P) and functional traits (sociality, size class (S: small, M: medium, L: large), nesting preference, seasonality (S1: Spring, S2: Summer, S3: Fall) and mean d’ floral specialization). See text (Section 3.1) for more details
Table S3 (continued)
Family / Species / Acc / A / P / Sociality / Size Class / Nest / S1 / S2 / S3 / d'Apidae / Ceratina calcarata Robertson, 1900 / Ccalc / 46 / 13 / Facultative / S / stem / 0.29 / 0.43 / 0.29 / 0.29
Apidae / Ceratina dupla
Say, 1837 / Cdupl / 5 / 4 / Facultative / S / stem / 0.29 / 0.43 / 0.29
Apidae / Ceratina mikmaqi Rehan & Sheffiel, 2011 / Cmikm / 10 / 6 / Facultative / S / stem / 0.29 / 0.43 / 0.29 / 0.33
Apidae / Epeolus scutellaris Say, 1824 / Escut / 4 / 3 / Parasite / M / soil / 0.00 / 0.75 / 0.25
Apidae / Melissodes desponsa Smith, 1854 / Mdesp / 2 / 2 / Solitary / L / soil / 0.00 / 0.60 / 0.40
Apidae / Melissodes druriella (Kirby, 1802) / Mdrur / 8 / 6 / Solitary / M / soil / 0.17 / 0.50 / 0.33 / 0.36
Apidae / Melissodes illata Lovell & Cockerell, 1906 / Milla / 1 / 1 / Solitary / M / soil / 0.00 / 0.67 / 0.33
Apidae / Melissodes trinodis Robertson, 1901 / Mtrin / 32 / 3 / Solitary / M / soil / 0.00 / 0.50 / 0.50 / 0.77
Apidae / Nomada vicina Cresson, 1863 / Nvici / 5 / 5 / Parasite / M / soil / 0.00 / 0.50 / 0.50 / 0.05
Apidae / Peponapis pruinosa (Say, 1837) / Pprui / 1 / 1 / Solitary / L / soil / 0.00 / 0.75 / 0.25
Colletidae / Colletes simulans Cresson, 1868 / Csimu / 2 / 2 / Solitary / M / soil / 0.17 / 0.50 / 0.33
Colletidae / Colletes simulans armatus Patton, 1879 / Carma / 24 / 13 / Solitary / M / soil / 0.17 / 0.50 / 0.33 / 0.10
Colletidae / Hylaeus affinis
(Smith, 1853) / Haffi / 40 / 14 / Solitary / S / cavity / 0.29 / 0.43 / 0.29 / 0.31
Colletidae / Hylaeus annulatus (Linnaeus, 1758) / Hannu / 7 / 4 / Solitary / S / stem / 0.17 / 0.50 / 0.33 / 0.42
Colletidae / Hylaeus communis Nylander, 1852 / Hcomm / 49 / 16 / Solitary / S / cavity / 0.29 / 0.43 / 0.29 / 0.36
Colletidae / Hylaeus mesillae (Cockerell, 1896) / Hmesi / 37 / 12 / Solitary / S / cavity / 0.40 / 0.60 / 0.00 / 0.26
Colletidae / Hylaeus modestus
Say, 1837 / Hmode / 57 / 14 / Solitary / S / cavity / 0.20 / 0.60 / 0.20 / 0.30
Halictidae / Agapostemon virescens
(Fabricius, 1775) / Avire / 61 / 16 / Facultative / M / soil / 0.29 / 0.43 / 0.29 / 0.30
Halictidae / Augochlora pura
(Say, 1837) / Apura / 262 / 30 / Solitary / M / wood / 0.29 / 0.43 / 0.29 / 0.24
Halictidae / Augochlorella aurata (Smith 1853) / Aaura / 38 / 19 / Eusocial / M / soil / 0.17 / 0.50 / 0.33 / 0.34
Halictidae / Augochloropsis metallica
(Fabricius, 1793) / Ameta / 5 / 3 / Solitary / M / soil / 0.29 / 0.43 / 0.29 / 0.33
Halictidae / Halictus confusus Smith, 1853 / Hconf / 75 / 20 / Facultative / S / soil / 0.29 / 0.43 / 0.29 / 0.17
Halictidae / Halictus ligatus
Say, 1837 / Hliga / 55 / 17 / Eusocial / M / soil / 0.29 / 0.43 / 0.29 / 0.28
Table S3 (continued)
Family / Species / Acc / A / P / Sociality / Size Class / Nest / S1 / S2 / S3 / d'Halictidae / Halictus rubicundus Christ, 1791 / Hrubi / 28 / 14 / Facultative / M / soil / 0.33 / 0.50 / 0.17 / 0.30
Halictidae / Halictus tripartitus Cockerell 1895 / Htrip / 1 / 1 / Facultative / S / soil / 0.29 / 0.43 / 0.29
Halictidae / Lasioglossum cinctipes (Provancher, 1888) / Lcinc / 1 / 1 / Eusocial / M / soil / 0.20 / 0.60 / 0.20
Halictidae / Lasioglossum coeruleum (Robertson, 1893) / Lcoer / 2 / 2 / Eusocial / S / wood / 0.33 / 0.50 / 0.17
Halictidae / Lasioglossum coriaceum
(Smith, 1853) / Lcori / 3 / 3 / Facultative / M / soil / 0.29 / 0.43 / 0.29
Halictidae / Lasioglossum cressonii (Robertson, 1890) / Lcres / 4 / 3 / Eusocial / S / wood / 0.29 / 0.43 / 0.29
Halictidae / Lasioglossum ellisiae (Sandhouse, 1924) / Lelli / 4 / 4 / Eusocial / S / soil / 0.29 / 0.43 / 0.29
Halictidae / Lasioglossum ephialtum Gibbs, 2010 / Lephi / 11 / 7 / Eusocial / S / soil / 0.17 / 0.50 / 0.33 / 0.49
Halictidae / Lasioglossum zonulum(Smith, 1848) / Lzonu / 4 / 3 / Eusocial / S / soil / 0.29 / 0.43 / 0.29
Halictidae / Lasioglossum foxii (Robertson, 1895) / Lfoxi / 1 / 1 / Solitary / S / soil / 0.29 / 0.43 / 0.29
Halictidae / Lasioglossum hitchensiGibbs, 2012 / Lhitc / 6 / 5 / Eusocial / S / soil / 0.29 / 0.43 / 0.29 / 0.38
Halictidae / Lasioglossum imitatum
(Smith, 1853) / Limit / 12 / 5 / Eusocial / S / soil / 0.29 / 0.43 / 0.29 / 0.20
Halictidae / Lasioglossum laevissimum (Smith, 1853) / Llaev / 143 / 26 / Eusocial / S / soil / 0.33 / 0.50 / 0.17 / 0.30
Halictidae / Lasioglossum leucocomum
(Lovell, 1908) / Lleuc / 7 / 6 / Eusocial / S / soil / 0.29 / 0.43 / 0.29 / 0.27
Halictidae / Lasioglossum lineatulum
(Crawford, 1906) / Lline / 142 / 28 / Eusocial / S / soil / 0.33 / 0.50 / 0.17 / 0.22
Halictidae / Lasioglossum macoupinense (Robertson, 1895) / Lmaco / 4 / 3 / Solitary / S / soil / 0.29 / 0.43 / 0.29
Halictidae / Lasioglossum oblongum
(Lovell, 1905) / Loblo / 2 / 2 / Eusocial / S / wood / 0.20 / 0.60 / 0.20
Halictidae / Lasioglossum oenotherae
(Stevens 1920) / Loeno / 16 / 7 / Solitary / S / soil / 0.33 / 0.67 / 0.00 / 0.24
Halictidae / Lasioglossum pectoral
(Smith, 1853) / Lpect / 1 / 1 / Solitary / S / soil / 0.29 / 0.43 / 0.29
Halictidae / Lasioglossum pilosum (Smith, 1853) / Lpilo / 3 / 2 / Eusocial / S / soil / 0.29 / 0.43 / 0.29
Table S3 (continued)
Family / Species / Acc / A / P / Sociality / Size Class / Nest / S1 / S2 / S3 / d'Halictidae / Lasioglossum planatum
(Lovell, 1905) / Lplan / 9 / 7 / Eusocial / S / soil / 0.33 / 0.50 / 0.17 / 0.34
Halictidae / Lasioglossum tegulare
(Robertson, 1890) / Ltegu / 4 / 3 / Eusocial / S / soil / 0.29 / 0.43 / 0.29
Halictidae / Lasioglossum truncatum (Robertson, 1901) / Ltrun / 2 / 2 / Eusocial / M / soil / 0.29 / 0.43 / 0.29
Halictidae / Lasioglossum versatum
(Robertson, 1902) / Lvers / 36 / 12 / Eusocial / S / soil / 0.29 / 0.43 / 0.29 / 0.39
Halictidae / Lasioglossum viridatum
(Lovell, 1905) / Lviri / 27 / 15 / Eusocial / S / soil / 0.29 / 0.43 / 0.29 / 0.13
Halictidae / Lasioglossum zephyrum
(Smith, 1853) / Lzeph / 8 / 2 / Eusocial / S / soil / 0.29 / 0.43 / 0.29 / 0.45
Halictidae / Sphecodes atlanticus Warncke, 1992 / Satla / 3 / 3 / Parasite / M / soil / 0.20 / 0.60 / 0.20
Halictidae / Sphecodes clematidis Robertson, 1897 / Sclem / 2 / 2 / Parasite / M / soil / 0.20 / 0.60 / 0.20
Halictidae / Sphecodes cressonii (Robertson, 1903) / Scres / 1 / 1 / Parasite / M / soil / 0.20 / 0.60 / 0.20
Halictidae / Sphecodes dichrous Smith, 1853 / Sdich / 6 / 4 / Parasite / M / soil / 0.33 / 0.50 / 0.17 / 0.31
Halictidae / Sphecodes levis Lovell & Cockerell, 1907 / Slevi / 1 / 1 / Parasite / M / soil / 0.00 / 1.00 / 0.00
Halictidae / Sphecodes johnsonii Lovell, 1909 / Sjohn / 1 / 1 / Parasite / M / soil / 0.00 / 0.33 / 0.67
Megachilidae / Anthidium manicatum
(Linnaeus, 1758) / Amani / 5 / 4 / Solitary / L / cavity / 0.17 / 0.50 / 0.33 / 0.48
Megachilidae / Anthophora terminalis Cresson, 1869 / Aterm / 8 / 6 / Solitary / L / wood / 0.20 / 0.60 / 0.20 / 0.36
Megachilidae / Coelioxys sayi Robertson, 1897 / Csayi / 2 / 2 / Parasite / M / cavity / 0.29 / 0.43 / 0.29
Megachilidae / Heriades carinata
Cresson, 1864 / Hcari / 10 / 1 / Solitary / S / cavity / 0.40 / 0.60 / 0.00 / 0.10
Megachilidae / Heriades variolosa
(Cresson, 1872) / Hvari / 7 / 1 / Solitary / S / cavity / 0.29 / 0.43 / 0.29 / 0.37
Megachilidae / Hoplitis pilosifrons (Cresson, 1864) / Hpilo / 2 / 2 / Solitary / M / stem / 0.40 / 0.60 / 0.00
Megachilidae / Megachile campanulae (Robertson, 1903) / Mcamp / 1 / 1 / Solitary / M / cavity / 0.29 / 0.43 / 0.29
Megachilidae / Megachile centuncularis (Linnaeus, 1758) / Mcent / 5 / 4 / Solitary / L / cavity / 0.17 / 0.50 / 0.33 / 0.64
Megachilidae / Megachile frigida Smith, 1853 / Mfrig / 6 / 5 / Solitary / L / wood / 0.00 / 1.00 / 0.00 / 0.69
Table S3 (continued)
Family / Species / Acc / A / P / Sociality / Size Class / Nest / S1 / S2 / S3 / d'Megachilidae / Megachile latimanus Say, 1823 / Mlati / 7 / 4 / Solitary / L / soil / 0.17 / 0.50 / 0.33 / 0.55
Megachilidae / Megachile mendica Cresson, 1878 / Mmend / 26 / 12 / Solitary / L / cavity / 0.29 / 0.43 / 0.29 / 0.13
Megachilidae / Megachile relativa Cresson, 1878 / Mrela / 14 / 9 / Solitary / M / cavity / 0.17 / 0.50 / 0.33 / 0.31
Megachilidae / Megachile rotundata (Fabricius 1787) / Mrotu / 18 / 10 / Solitary / L / cavity / 0.00 / 1.00 / 0.00 / 0.31
Megachilidae / Megachile sculpturalis
Smith, 1853 / Mscul / 2 / 2 / Solitary / L / cavity / 0.29 / 0.43 / 0.29
Megachilidae / Megachile texana Cresson, 1878 / Mtaxa / 1 / 1 / Solitary / L / cavity / 0.29 / 0.43 / 0.29
Table S4 List of floral