Meta-analysis of stability and change 37
Supplemental Materials
Stability and Change of Personality Traits, Self-Esteem, and Well-Being: Introducing a Meta-Analytic Stability and Change (MASC) Model of Retest Correlations
by I. Anusic & U. Schimmack, 2015, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/pspp0000066
Full Results
Table S1
Estimates (and 95% Confidence Intervals) of the Model Parameters From Non-linear Regression With Construct, Scale Length, Age, and Gender as Moderators
Reliability / Stability(1 – Change) / Change / 1-year stability of the Change component
Personality estimate / .72 (.65, .78) / .83 (.75, .91) / .17 (.09,.25) / .25 (.09,.40)
Δ Affect / -.14 (-.21, -.06) / -.41 (-.75, -.08) / .41 (.08,.75) / .63 (.45,.80)
Δ Self-esteem / -.01 (-.08, .07) / -.27 (-.38, -.16) / .27 (.16, .38) / .54 (.38, .71)
Δ Life satisfaction / -.05 (-.12, .02) / -.31 (-.40, -.23) / .31 (.23, .40) / .53 (.38, .68)
Scale length / .04 (.03,.05) / - / - / -
Gender / -.01 (-.07,.05) / .00 (-.06, .07) / .00 (-.07,.06) / .01 (-.04,.06)
Age / -.01 (-.03,.01) / .10 (.07, .12) / -.10 (-.12, -.07) / .00 (-.02,.02)
Age2 / .00 (.00,.01) / -.02 (-.03, -.02) / .02 (.02,.03) / .00 (.00,.01)
Notes: Dummy variables were used as moderators for affect (coded 1 for affect, 0 otherwise), self-esteem (coded 1 for self-esteem, 0 otherwise), and life satisfaction (coded 1 for life satisfaction, 0 otherwise). Scale length was transformed using the natural logarithm, and gender was coded as the proportion of the sample that is female, and both variables were grand-mean centered. Gender was grand-mean centered and divided by 10. Stability and Change are complementary (i.e., Stability = 1 – Change), only Change was estimated by the model.
R Code for Estimation of MASC
Basic model with no moderators:
library(stats)
startVals <- list(rel=.670, change=.472, stabch=.803)
mascBasic <- nls( retest ~ (rel * (change * (stabch^years - 1) + 1),
data=data, start=startVals, trace=T, control=nls.control(maxiter=500))
summary(mascBasic)
Full model:
library(stats)
startVals <- list(rel=.717, change=.170, stabch=.246,
relCa=-.136, relCse=-.005, relCls=-.046,
changeCa=.413, changeCse=.269, changeCls=.314,
stabchCa=.627, stabchCse=.542, stabchCls=.528,
relL=.039,
relG=-.012, changeG=-.004, stabchG=.011,
relA=-.010, changeA=-.095, stabchA=-.002,
relA2=.001, changeA2=.023, stabchA2=.003)
mascFull <- nls( retest ~ (rel + relCa*dA + relCse*dSE + relCls*dLS +
relL*cLNitems + relG*cFemale + relA*cAge + relA2*cAge2) * (
(change + changeCa*dA + changeCse*dSE + changeCls*dLS + changeG*cFemale + changeA*cAge + changeA2*cAge2) * (
(stabch + stabchCa*dA + stabchCse*dSE + stabchCls*dLS + stabchG*cFemale + stabchA*cAge + stabchA2*cAge2)^years - 1) + 1),
data=data, start=startVals, trace=T, control=nls.control(maxiter=500))
summary(mascFull)
Estimated by the model:
rel= reliability (1 – error) (estimated for personality traits)
change = change component (1 – stability component) (estimated for personality traits)
stabch = 1-year stability of the change component (estimated for personality traits)
relCa = moderating effect of affect on reliability
relCse = moderating effect of self-esteem on reliability
relCls = moderating effect of life satisfaction on reliability
relL = moderating effect of scale length on reliability
relG = moderating effect of gender on reliability
changeG = moderating effect of gender on changing component
stabchG = moderating effect of gender on stability of the changing component
relA = moderating effect of age on reliability
changeA = moderating effect of age on changing component
stabchA = moderating effect of age on stability of the changing component
relA2 = moderating effect of age squared on reliability
changeA2 = moderating effect of age squared on changing component
stabchA2 = moderating effect of age squared on stability of the changing component
Passed from data:
retest = test-retest correlation
years = retest interval (in years)
dA = coded 1 for affect, 0 for other constructs
dSE = coded 1 for self-esteem, 0 for other constructs
dLS = coded 1 for life satisfaction, 0 for other constructs
cLNitems = number of scale items, transformed and centered
cFemale = proportion of women in the sample
cAge = age, transformed and centered
cAge2 = age, transformed and centered, squared
Data and References
Table S2
Retest Correlations and Sample Characteristics for Personality Traits
Authors / Sample / N / Women / Age / Items / Interval (years) / Retest correlationAdams (1994) / 1 / 79 / 1.00 / 21 / 42 / 6 / .53
1 / 79 / 1.00 / 43 / 33 / 9 / .66
Akse et al. (2007) / 1 / 502 / .53 / 12.35 / 6 / 2 / .49
2 / 325 / .53 / 16.66 / 6 / 2 / .64
Allemand et al. (2007) / 1 / 455 / .46 / 43.7 / 12 / 4 / .80
2 / 420 / .49 / 62.4 / 12 / 4 / .80
Baird et al. (2006) / 1 / 144 / .77 / 20 / 10 / 0.63 / .82
Baltes & Nesselroade (1972) / 1 / 210 / .56 / 12.5 / 10 / 1 / .48
2 / 292 / .47 / 13.5 / 10 / 1 / .50
3 / 286 / .52 / 14.5 / 10 / 1 / .50
4 / 255 / .46 / 15.5 / 10 / 1 / .57
5 / 174 / .48 / 16.5 / 10 / 1 / .56
Bates & Pandina (1989) / 1 / 133 / .47* / 12 / 12 / 3 / .34
2 / 141 / .47* / 15 / 12 / 3 / .43
3 / 133 / .47* / 18 / 12 / 3 / .51
Bleidorn et al. (2009) / 1 / 172 / .84 / 33.05 / 48 / 5 / .79
1 / 172 / .84 / 30.6 / 48 / 10 / .73
Bolton (1979) / 1 / 32 / .59 / 27 / 12 / 6 / .45
Brief et al. (1993) / 1 / 380 / .49 / 61.35 / 12 / 2 / .66
1 / 375 / .50 / 60.5 / 12 / 4 / .68
Butcher et al. (1989, as cited in Putnam et al., 1996) / 1 / 82 / .47* / 29.05* / 43 / 0.02 / .81
Cairns et al. (1990) / 1 / 2,429 / .53 / 17 / 40 / 1.5 / .51
Cantoni (1955) / 1 / 211 / .47* / 14 / 35 / 3 / .51
1 / 211 / .47* / 17 / 35 / 10 / .48
1 / 211 / .47* / 14 / 35 / 13 / .35
Caputo et al. (1966) / 1 / 52 / 1.00 / 18 / 9 / 1.25 / .56
2 / 89 / .47* / 20 / 9 / 0.02 / .82
3 / 92 / .47* / 20 / 9 / 0.02 / .78
Carmelli et al. (1987) / 1 / 358 / 0 / 48 / 21 / 10 / .62
Costa & McCrae (1978) / 1 / 140 / 0 / 29.5 / 12 / 10 / .66
2 / 711 / 0 / 44.5 / 12 / 10 / .68
3 / 118 / 0 / 68.5 / 12 / 10 / .76
Costa & McCrae (1988) / 1 / 63 / 0 / 40.5 / 36 / 3 / .73
1 / 72 / 0 / 40.5 / 36 / 6 / .83
2 / 63 / 1.00 / 40.5 / 36 / 3 / .72
2 / 72 / 1.00 / 40.5 / 36 / 6 / .81
3 / 63 / 0 / 70.5 / 36 / 3 / .68
3 / 72 / 0 / 70.5 / 36 / 6 / .83
4 / 63 / 1.00 / 70.5 / 36 / 3 / .63
4 / 72 / 1.00 / 70.5 / 36 / 6 / .76
Costa & McCrae (1992) / 1 / 165 / 1.00 / 52.5 / 30 / 7.3 / .74
Costa et al. (1980) / 1 / 130 / 0 / 36.7 / 30 / 6.6 / .77
1 / 63 / 0 / 36.7 / 30 / 12.9 / .71
2 / 164 / 0 / 51.5 / 30 / 6.6 / .76
2 / 92 / 0 / 51.5 / 30 / 12.9 / .75
3 / 114 / 0 / 67.9 / 30 / 6.6 / .75
3 / 38 / 0 / 67.9 / 30 / 12.9 / .73
Costa et al. (2000) / 1 / 1,779 / 0 / 41.3 / 48 / 7.5 / .82
1 / 1,779 / 0 / 41.3 / 48 / 9 / .81
2 / 495 / 1.00 / 41.3 / 48 / 7.5 / .80
2 / 495 / 1.00 / 41.3 / 48 / 9 / .80
3 / 367 / 1.00 / 45.1 / 48 / 5 / .84
Crook (1943) / 1 / 60 / 1.00 / 20 / 29 / 6.5 / .56
Darley (1938) / 1 / 319 / 0 / 20 / 34 / 0.77 / .86
2 / 213 / 1.00 / 20 / 34 / 0.77 / .86
Davis & Franzoi (1991) / 1 / 103 / 0 / 15.5 / 7 / 1 / .54
2 / 102 / 1.00 / 15.5 / 7 / 1 / .59
Davis & Satterly (1969) / 1 / 149 / 1.00 / 23 / 12 / 2.17 / .52
Donnellan et al. (2005) / 1 / 449 / .57 / 17.6 / 38 / 7 / .38
Donnellan et al. (2007) / 1 / 432 / .57 / 17.6 / 66 / 9 / .51
Dusek & Flaherty (1981) / 1 / 330 / .47 / 14 / 5 / 1 / .46
1 / 330 / .47 / 13.5 / 5 / 2 / .34
Farnsworth (1938) / 1 / 55 / 0 / 20 / 23* / 1 / .74
1 / 53 / 0 / 20 / 23* / 2 / .67
1 / 50 / 0 / 20 / 23* / 4 / .67
German Socioeconomic Panel (GSOEP) / 1 / 1,301 / 1.00 / 22.8 / 3 / 4 / .51
2 / 4,419 / 1.00 / 44.38 / 3 / 4 / .54
3 / 2,187 / 1.00 / 70.4 / 3 / 4 / .44
4 / 1,140 / 0 / 22.6 / 3 / 4 / .50
5 / 4,006 / 0 / 44.5 / 3 / 4 / .53
6 / 1,968 / 0 / 69.1 / 3 / 4 / .45
Gold & Andres (1985) / 1 / 167 / .47* / 72.92 / 21 / 0.08 / .80
Gold & Henderson (1990) / 1 / 72 / .47* / 12.4 / 23* / 1 / .17
Grigoriadis & Fekken (1992) / 1 / 96 / 0 / 30.22 / 54 / 2.71 / .52
Guilford et al. (1976, as cited in Conley, 1984) / 1 / - / .47* / 20 / 30 / 3 / .60
Hampson & Goldberg (2006) / 1 / 799 / .50 / 49 / 9 / 2.8 / .74
Helson & Moane (1987) / 1 / 81 / 1.00 / 21 / 24 / 6 / .56
Helson & Wink (1992) / 1 / 99 / 1.00 / 43 / 17 / 8 / .65
Hoffmann & Wehler (1978) / 1 / 33 / 1.00 / 42 / 54 / 0.75 / .52
Holmlund (1991) / 1 / 349 / 1.00 / 15 / 15 / 10 / .33
Hunter et al. (1991) / 1 / 84 / 0 / 8.5 / 24 / 3 / .50
2 / 162 / 0 / 11 / 24 / 3 / .33
3 / 113 / 0 / 14 / 24 / 3 / .50
4 / 49 / 0 / 17 / 24 / 3 / .67
5 / 69 / 0 / 20 / 24 / 3 / .70
6 / 44 / 0 / 22.5 / 24 / 3 / .70
7 / 51 / 0 / 8.5 / 24 / 3 / .40
8 / 83 / 0 / 11 / 24 / 3 / .42
9 / 71 / 0 / 14 / 24 / 3 / .63
10 / 30 / 0 / 17 / 24 / 3 / .48
11 / 25 / 0 / 20 / 24 / 3 / .40
12 / 7 / 0 / 22.5 / 24 / 3 / .32
13 / 94 / 1.00 / 8.5 / 24 / 3 / .38
14 / 178 / 1.00 / 11 / 24 / 3 / .48
15 / 129 / 1.00 / 14 / 24 / 3 / .52
16 / 60 / 1.00 / 17 / 24 / 3 / .68
17 / 92 / 1.00 / 20 / 24 / 3 / .72
18 / 70 / 1.00 / 22.5 / 24 / 3 / .75
19 / 55 / 1.00 / 8.5 / 24 / 3 / .01
20 / 90 / 1.00 / 11 / 24 / 3 / .24
21 / 82 / 1.00 / 14 / 24 / 3 / .42
22 / 37 / 1.00 / 17 / 24 / 3 / .37
23 / 47 / 1.00 / 20 / 24 / 3 / .65
24 / 22 / 1.00 / 22.5 / 24 / 3 / .52
Johnson et al. (2005) / 1 / 809 / .62 / 59.4 / 76 / 5 / .82
Keller et al. (2005) / 1 / 881 / .47* / 35 / 13 / 2.1 / .72
Keltikangas-Jarvinen (1989) / 1 / 153 / 0 / 16.5 / 17 / 3 / .32
2 / 176 / 1.00 / 16.5 / 17 / 3 / .22
Leon et al. (1979) / 1 / 71 / 0 / 47 / 54 / 6 / .63
1 / 71 / 0 / 53 / 54 / 7 / .63
1 / 71 / 0 / 47 / 54 / 13 / .55
Loehlin & Martin (2001) / 1 / 4,585 / .47* / 29 / 11 / 8 / .59
2 / 1,228 / .47* / 55.7 / 11 / 6 / .66
2 / 1,228 / .47* / 47.5 / 11 / 8 / .65
2 / 1,228 / .47* / 47.5 / 11 / 14 / .57
Lucas et al. (1996) / 1 / 212 / .62 / 18 / 12 / 0.08 / .76
2† / 113 / .63 / 20.5 / 24 / 2 / .61
3 / 172 / .55 / 18 / 16 / 0.01 / .53
Magnus et al. (1993) / 1 / 83 / .64 / 20 / 9 / 4 / .64
Mann (1958) / 1 / 96 / .66 / 29 / 9 / 0.06 / .73
Mauger (1972, as cited in Conley, 1984) / 1 / 490 / .59 / 20 / 52 / 0.67 / .60
McGue et al. (1993) / 1 / 254 / .65 / 19.8 / 76 / 9.7 / .59
Measelle et al. (2005) / 1 / 95 / .46 / 6.17 / 8 / 1.08 / .48
1 / 70 / .46 / 4.92 / 8 / 1.25 / .45
1 / 70 / .46 / 4.92 / 8 / 2.33 / .31
Melamed et al. (1974) / 1 / 96 / 1.00 / 36 / 12 / 3 / .36
Meyer et al. (1988) / 1 / 100 / .47* / 11 / 10 / 1.5 / .46
1 / 98 / .47* / 36 / 12 / 1.5 / .37
Mills (1954, as cited in Conely, 1984) / 1 / 240 / .58 / 20 / 54 / 2 / .43
Morizot & Le Blanc (2003) / 1 / 122 / 0 / 15 / 68 / 2 / .50
1 / 122 / 0 / 30 / 68 / 10 / .66
1 / 122 / 0 / 17 / 68 / 13 / .37
1 / 122 / 0 / 15 / 68 / 15 / .37
2 / 269 / 0 / 30 / 68 / 10 / .68
2 / 269 / 0 / 17 / 68 / 13 / .28
Mortimer & Lorence (1981) / 1 / 442 / 0 / 18 / 6 / 4 / .64
1 / 442 / 0 / 22 / 6 / 10 / .66
Mroczek & Spiro (2003) / 1 / 1,199 / 0 / 66 / 9 / 1 / .71
1 / 1,287 / 0 / 63 / 9 / 3 / .74
1 / 1,199 / 0 / 63 / 9 / 4 / .70
Muntaner et al. (1988) / 1 / 37 / .47* / 16 / 11 / 0.12 / .79
2 / 29 / .48 / 19 / 11 / 2 / .58
Neyer & Asendorpf (2001) / 1 / - / .54 / 24.6 / 12 / 4 / .60
Nichols (1967) / 1 / 432 / 1.00 / 18 / 6 / 4 / .47
2 / 204 / 0 / 18 / 6 / 4 / .47
3 / 146 / .47* / 29.05* / 6 / 0.02 / .76
Nolen-Hoeksema et al. (1986) / 1 / 168 / .48 / 9.5 / 48 / 0.17 / .43
1 / 168 / .48 / 9.5 / 48 / 0.25 / .56
1 / 168 / .48 / 9.5 / 48 / 0.33 / .50
1 / 168 / .48 / 9.5 / 48 / 0.42 / .44
1 / 168 / .48 / 9.5 / 48 / 0.58 / .48
1 / 168 / .48 / 9.5 / 48 / 0.75 / .44
1 / 168 / .48 / 9.5 / 48 / 0.83 / .57
1 / 168 / .48 / 9.5 / 48 / 1 / .35
Ormel & Rijsdijk (2000) / 1 / 157 / 0 / 39.5 / 8 / 1 / .73
1 / 115 / 0 / 48.65 / 8 / 2 / .70
1 / 157 / 0 / 34.5 / 8 / 5 / .65
1 / 157 / 0 / 34.5 / 8 / 6 / .54
1 / 133 / 0 / 40.5 / 8 / 8 / .56
1 / 133 / 0 / 39.5 / 8 / 9 / .54
1 / 115 / 0 / 40.5 / 8 / 10 / .57
1 / 115 / 0 / 39.5 / 8 / 11 / .53
1 / 133 / 0 / 34.5 / 8 / 14 / .48
2 / 139 / 1.00 / 39.01 / 8 / 1 / .73
2 / 109 / 1.00 / 47.62 / 8 / 2 / .64
2 / 139 / 1.00 / 34.01 / 8 / 5 / .63
2 / 139 / 1.00 / 34.01 / 8 / 6 / .65
2 / 126 / 1.00 / 40.01 / 8 / 8 / .55
2 / 123 / 1.00 / 39.01 / 8 / 9 / .54
2 / 109 / 1.00 / 40.01 / 8 / 10 / .48
2 / 109 / 1.00 / 39.01 / 8 / 11 / .42
2 / 123 / 1.00 / 34.01 / 8 / 14 / .48
Ormel & Schaufeli (1991) / 1 / 258 / .48 / 40 / 14 / 7 / .64
2 / 389 / .37 / 24 / 8 / 1 / .61
Pedersen (1991) / 1 / 553 / .47* / 17 / 6 / 1.67 / .64
Plant & Telford (1966) / 1 / 451 / 0 / 18 / 27 / 2 / .61
2 / 339 / 1.00 / 18 / 27 / 2 / .58
3 / 360 / 0 / 18 / 27 / 2 / .54
4 / 255 / 1.00 / 18 / 27 / 2 / .60
5 / 133 / 0 / 18 / 27 / 2 / .56
6 / 172 / 1.00 / 18 / 27 / 2 / .60
Popham & Holden (1991) / 1 / 55 / .56 / 20.1 / 43 / 1 / .81
Pullman et al. (2006) / 1 / 171 / 1.00 / 14 / 12 / 2 / .59
2 / 121 / 0 / 14 / 12 / 2 / .51
Putnam et al. (1996) / 1 / 111 / 0 / 45 / 43 / 0.33 / .69
Rammstedt & John (2007) / 1 / 726 / .68 / 21 / 2 / 0.15 / .72
2 / 457 / .56 / 25 / 2 / 0.12 / .77
Rantanen et al. (2007) / 1 / 89 / 0 / 33 / 12 / 9 / .73