Bloodvessel(smallartery)bringingbloodtowardstheglomerulusofthenephroninthekidney.

afferentarteriole

FormingthatpartofthenephronjustaftertheloopofHenlethroughwhichtheglomerularfiltrateflowsupwards.Itispermeabletosaltonly.

ascendingtubule

Amembranoussacfilledwithfluid.Inanimalsitservesasareservoirforfluids,e.g.bile,urine.

bladder

Aadouble-walled,cupshapedchamberattheexpandedendofanephron(uriniferoustubule),whichenclosesaglomerulus.

Bowman'scapsule

ThespacebetweenthemembranesformingBowman’scapsule,ofthenephroninthekidney,intowhichthefiltratepasses.

capsularspace

Tubule,inthemedullaofthekidney,intowhichnumerousnephronsdischargetheircontents(urine)fordeliverytothepelvisandhencetothebladderviatheureter.

Waterisreabsorbedhereduringtheformationofurine,whichconcentratestheurine.ThequantityofwaterreabsorbediscontrolledbythehormoneADH.

collectingduct

Coiledortwistedtubulefoundinthenephronofthekidney.Reabsorbshighthresholdsubstancesthathavebeenfilteredfromtheblood.

convolutedtubule

Theoutermostlayerofthekidney.

cortex

FormingthatpartofthenephronjustbeforetheloopofHenlethroughwhichtheglomerularfiltrateflowsdownwards.Permeabletowateronly.

descendingtubule

Excessiveproductionofwatery(dilute)urine.ItiscausedbyinsufficientproductionofADH(vasopressin)bythepituitarygland.

diabetesinsipidus

Theuseofsemi-permeablemembranesinamachineforremovingwasteproducts(urea,uricacid,salts)fromthebloodwhenthekidneysfail.

dialysis

Oneoftwohighlycoiledtubulesinthenephronofthekidney,thisonesituatedfurthestawayfromtheBowman'scapsuleandclosetothecollectingduct.Waterisreabsorbedhereduringtheformationofurine.

distalconvolutedtubule

Anincreaseinproductionofurinebythekidneys,eitherfromincreasedfluidintake,alcohol(inhibitsADHproduction),renaldisease,diabetesinsipidusordiuretictherapy.

diuresis

Adrugthatincreasestheamountofurineproducedbythekidneys.

diuretic

Bloodvessel(smallartery)bringingbloodawayfromtheglomerulusofthenephroninthekidney.

efferentarteriole

Theeliminationofthewasteproductsofmetabolismfromacell,tissueororgan.

excretion

Collectionoforgansorstructuresthatfunctionintheeliminationofthewasteproductsofmetabolism,e.g.contractilevacuole(Amoeba),kidney(partoftheurinarysystem),lungs(partoftherespiratorysystem),etc.

excretorysystem

Processwhichforciblyseparatesparticlesinasolutionbymolecularsize,e.g.inthenephronofthekidney–water,urea,uricacid,glucose,aminoacids,vitaminsandmineralsalts(allsmallmolecules),filterfromglomerulusintocapsularspace.Plasmaproteins(albumen,fibrinogen,prothrombin–alllargemolecules)andbloodcellswillnotpassthrough.

force-filter/pressurefiltration/ultrafiltration

Liquidcontainingdissolvedsubstancesthatpassfromtheglomerulus,inthenephronofthekidney,intoBowman’scapsule.Similartobloodplasmabutwithouttheproteins(albumen,fibrinogen,prothrombin).

glomerularfiltrate

Liquidcontainingdissolvedsubstancesthatpassfromtheglomerulus,inthenephronofthekidney,intoBowman’scapsule.Similartobloodplasmabutwithouttheproteins(albumen,fibrinogen,prothrombin).

glomerularfiltrate

Purifyingofthebloodusingdialysis.

haemodialysis

Chemicalsthatareimportantorareofusetothebodyandshouldnotbelostorexcreted.

highthresholdsubstances

Themaintainingofaconstantinternalenvironment(i.e.concentrationsofwater,salt,turgidity,temperature,etc.)ofacellororganismortheprocessesinvolvedwiththis.Usuallyachievedbydiffusionandtherespiratoryandexcretorysystems.

homeostasis

Oneofapairofexcretoryorgansthatformandextracturine.Alsoinvolvedinosmoregulation.

kidney

Tubuleinthekidney.Isthefunctionalunitofthekidneyi.e.itmakesurine.

nephron

TheU-shapedpartofanephron(uriniferoustubule,renaltubule)connectingtheproximalconvolutedtubuleanddistalconvolutedtubules.Waterisreabsorbedhereduringtheformationofurine.

loopofHenle

Centralpartofkidney(insidethecortex)containingthepyramids.

medulla

Minutefinger-likeprojectionsoncells,e.g.onthecellsoftheproximalconvolutedtubuleofthenephronandonthecellsofthevilliinthesmallintestine.

microvilli(microvillus)

Controllingtheamountofwaterinacellwithinanorganismbyregulatingtheamountsofsaltandwaterpresent.ItisafunctionofthekidneysinhumansandthecontractilevacuoleinAmoeba.

osmoregulation

Oneoftwohighlycoiledtubulesinthenephronofthekidney,thisissituatednearesttoBowman'scapsule.Reabsorptionofsubstancesneededbythebodyoccurshere,i.e.highthresholdsubstances.

proximalconvolutedtubule

Partofthekidneycontainingcollectingducts.

pyramid

Takinginagain,e.g.inthenephronofthekidney-glucose,aminoacids,etc.aretakenbackintothebloodintheproximalconvolutedtubuleafterbeingremovedfromitintheglomerulus.

reabsorption

Oforpertainingorrelatingtothekidney.

renal

Branchoftheaortabringingbloodfromthehearttothekidney.

renalartery

Centralregionofkidneyintowhichurinedrainsfromthecollectingducts.Theurineisbroughtfromhereintheuretertothebladder.

pelvis

Bloodvesselbringingbloodfromthekidneytotheinferiorvenacavatowardstheheart.

renalvein

Anitrogencontainingorganiccompoundexcretedbymostmammals.Formedintheliverfromammonia,asaresultofthebreakdown(deamination)ofexcessaminoacids,andexcretedbythekidneys.

urea

Ductthatbringsurinefromthekidneytothebladder.

ureter

Ductwhichdeliversurinefromthebladdertotheoutside;also,inthemaleitdepositssperminthevagina.

urethra

Groupoforgansconcernedwiththeproductionandexcretionofurine,i.e.kidneys,ureters,bladderandurethra.

urinarysystem

Fluidproducedbythekidneys,storedinthebladder(urinarybladder)anddischargedthroughtheurethra.Fluidcontainswasteproductsofmetabolism,e.g.water,urea,salts,hormones,etc.

urine

Thishormone,producedbythepituitary,encouragesthereabsorptionofwaterinthenephronofthekidney.

vasopressin(ADH)