Study guide for Exam 2 (Chapters 10, 12, 13, 16 & 17)
Chapter 10
Be able to:
- Explain what binomial nomenclature means, in what style it is written, and what the two names relate to
- List the taxa of the taxonomic hierarchy
- Compare and contrast the characteristics of bacteria, archaea, and eukarya (including organelle and cell structure)
- Explain the difference between the definitions of prokaryotic species vs. eukaryotic species
- Describe the meaning of the term “strain” in relation to a species
- List the means used to identify microorganisms
- Identify standard methods used to classify microorganisms
- Use a dichotomous key for organism identification
- Explain the difference between a dichotomous key and cladogram
Chapter 12
Be able to:
- identify the defining characteristics of fungi and the two major states in which they can exist (yeast and hyphal/mycelial)
- differentiate asexual from sexual reproduction, describing the general processes in fungi
- identify the defining characteristics of the 3 fungal phyla discussed in class (Zygomota, Ascomycota, and Basidiomycota)
- provide examples of fungal infections that pose the greatest threat to human health
- describe the defining characteristics of “algae”
- compare and contrast the major traits of the 6 phyla of “algae” discussed in class – Phaeophyta (brown algae), Bacilliophyta (diatoms), Dinoflagellata (dinoflagellates), Oomycota (water molds), Rhodophyta (red algae), Chlorophyta (green algae)
- identify the defining characteristics of “protozoans”
- compare and contrast the major traits of the 6 phyla of “protozoans” discussed in class, providing an example of each that is pathogenic to humans – Diplomonads, Parabasalids, Euglenozoans, Amoebozoans, Apicomplexans, Ciliates
- explain the difference between an intermediate host and definitive host
- list the distinguishing characteristics of parasitic helminthes
- identify the traits of platyhelminths & know the two classes of parasitic platyhelminths, providing examples of each that impact human health
- identify the traits of nematodes, provide examples that impact human health
- compare and contrast platyhelminths and nematodes
- describe a parasitic infection in which humans serve as a definitive host, as an intermediate host, and as both
Chapter 13
Be able to:
-Explain why viruses are not technically classified as living organisms
-Compare and contrast the chemical and physical structure of noneveloped and enveloped viruses
-Describe the general morphologies of viruses
-Know the nomenclature for distinguishing family, genus, and common name of viruses
-Define a “species” as it applies to viruses
-Compare and contrast methodologies/techniques used to culture bacteriophages and animal viruses
-List the various techniques used for viral identification
-Compare and contrast the steps of the lytic versus lysogenic multiplication cycle of bacteriophage; know which is associated with specialized transduction
-Identify which multiplication cycle (lytic or lysogenic) the T-even bacteriophages and bacteriophage lambda (l) employ
-List the different types of animal viruses based on genome composition
-Compare and contrast the steps of the multiplication cycle for a DNA-based vs. RNA-based animal virus
-Explain how retroviruses are unique when compared to other viruses
-Know that oncogenic viruses can cause cancer through abnormal activation of oncogenes; Provide examples of DNA & RNA viruses that are oncogenic
-Differentiate between persistent and latent viral infections (know how they differ)
-Explain how a prion is different from a virus; describe the general mechanism of how prions “reproduce”
-Provide well-known examples of the animal diseases linked to prion infection
-Differentiate between a virus and a viroid
-Know what group/type of host organisms are most susceptible to viroid infection
Chapters 16 & 17
Know:
-What the key differences are between innate and acquired immunity
-Types of innate (non-specific) immunity:
First-defense Line – pre-penetration
barrier, fluid movement/secretions, chemical, normal microbiota – recognize what prophylactic measures are used by the body for each category
Second-defense Line – post-penetration
Antimicrobial substances (including complement), cell types (White blood cell (WBC) types and function of each), inflammation, fever – recognize what response measures are used by the body for each category
-Purpose of a differential cell count
-Types of adaptive (acquired/specific) immunity:
Third-defense Line – post-penetration, antigen-specific (focused/targeted)
What the branches/divisions of specific immunity are, which lymphocytes types are involved in each and what the resulting outcomes/defense mechanisms are for each (Hint: Think in terms of Humoral (antibody-mediated) as it relates to agglutination and neutralization as well as antibody-dependent cell killing, and think of Cellular (cell-mediated) as it relates to direct cytotoxicity (cytotoxic T cells) or indirect cytotoxicity as a result of cytokine release from helper T cells; also, T-helper-mediated enhancement of phagocyte activity
-How antigens are processed/displayed (differences between exogenous* vs. endogenous) and which lymphocytes are involved in subsequent recognition of antigen & activation of an immune response (cell-mediated vs. antibody-mediated); characteristics of these lymphocytes concerning receptor/cluster of differentiation (CD) molecules they display
-General structure of antibodies (immunoglobulins) – identify heavy from light chains, constant regions from variable regions, (which portion(s) are critical to antigen recognition?)
-Classes of different antibodies and their functions
-What cytokines are and the roles they play
-What immunological memory is and how it is achieved
*[Point of clarification: exogenous antigen processing can be either 1) T-independent (B cells directly bind antigen via B-cell receptors (membrane bound immunoglobin) and are activated to differentiate into plasma cells without help of T cells) or 2) T-dependent (APCs, including macrophages, dendritic cells, and B cells, are used to display extracellular-originating antigen via MHC class II to bind T-cell receptor & CD4 on the surface of T helper cells (CD4+ T cells) activating them to then facilitate differentiation of B cells into plasma cells). The former scenario yields a purely humoral (antibody-mediated) response while the latter scenario is considered cellular (cell-mediated) in its origins, leading to an eventual humoral response.]