Study guide for Exam 2 (Chapters 10, 12, 13, 16 & 17)

Chapter 10

Be able to:

-  Explain what binomial nomenclature means, in what style it is written, and what the two names relate to

-  List the taxa of the taxonomic hierarchy

-  Compare and contrast the characteristics of bacteria, archaea, and eukarya (including organelle and cell structure)

-  Explain the difference between the definitions of prokaryotic species vs. eukaryotic species

-  Describe the meaning of the term “strain” in relation to a species

-  List the means used to identify microorganisms

-  Identify standard methods used to classify microorganisms

-  Use a dichotomous key for organism identification

-  Explain the difference between a dichotomous key and cladogram

Chapter 12

Be able to:

-  identify the defining characteristics of fungi and the two major states in which they can exist (yeast and hyphal/mycelial)

-  differentiate asexual from sexual reproduction, describing the general processes in fungi

-  identify the defining characteristics of the 3 fungal phyla discussed in class (Zygomota, Ascomycota, and Basidiomycota)

-  provide examples of fungal infections that pose the greatest threat to human health

-  describe the defining characteristics of “algae”

-  compare and contrast the major traits of the 6 phyla of “algae” discussed in class – Phaeophyta (brown algae), Bacilliophyta (diatoms), Dinoflagellata (dinoflagellates), Oomycota (water molds), Rhodophyta (red algae), Chlorophyta (green algae)

-  identify the defining characteristics of “protozoans”

-  compare and contrast the major traits of the 6 phyla of “protozoans” discussed in class, providing an example of each that is pathogenic to humans – Diplomonads, Parabasalids, Euglenozoans, Amoebozoans, Apicomplexans, Ciliates

-  explain the difference between an intermediate host and definitive host

-  list the distinguishing characteristics of parasitic helminthes

-  identify the traits of platyhelminths & know the two classes of parasitic platyhelminths, providing examples of each that impact human health

-  identify the traits of nematodes, provide examples that impact human health

-  compare and contrast platyhelminths and nematodes

-  describe a parasitic infection in which humans serve as a definitive host, as an intermediate host, and as both

Chapter 13

Be able to:

-Explain why viruses are not technically classified as living organisms

-Compare and contrast the chemical and physical structure of noneveloped and enveloped viruses

-Describe the general morphologies of viruses

-Know the nomenclature for distinguishing family, genus, and common name of viruses

-Define a “species” as it applies to viruses

-Compare and contrast methodologies/techniques used to culture bacteriophages and animal viruses

-List the various techniques used for viral identification

-Compare and contrast the steps of the lytic versus lysogenic multiplication cycle of bacteriophage; know which is associated with specialized transduction

-Identify which multiplication cycle (lytic or lysogenic) the T-even bacteriophages and bacteriophage lambda (l) employ

-List the different types of animal viruses based on genome composition

-Compare and contrast the steps of the multiplication cycle for a DNA-based vs. RNA-based animal virus

-Explain how retroviruses are unique when compared to other viruses

-Know that oncogenic viruses can cause cancer through abnormal activation of oncogenes; Provide examples of DNA & RNA viruses that are oncogenic

-Differentiate between persistent and latent viral infections (know how they differ)

-Explain how a prion is different from a virus; describe the general mechanism of how prions “reproduce”

-Provide well-known examples of the animal diseases linked to prion infection

-Differentiate between a virus and a viroid

-Know what group/type of host organisms are most susceptible to viroid infection

Chapters 16 & 17

Know:

-What the key differences are between innate and acquired immunity

-Types of innate (non-specific) immunity:

First-defense Line – pre-penetration

barrier, fluid movement/secretions, chemical, normal microbiota – recognize what prophylactic measures are used by the body for each category

Second-defense Line – post-penetration

Antimicrobial substances (including complement), cell types (White blood cell (WBC) types and function of each), inflammation, fever – recognize what response measures are used by the body for each category

-Purpose of a differential cell count

-Types of adaptive (acquired/specific) immunity:

Third-defense Line – post-penetration, antigen-specific (focused/targeted)

What the branches/divisions of specific immunity are, which lymphocytes types are involved in each and what the resulting outcomes/defense mechanisms are for each (Hint: Think in terms of Humoral (antibody-mediated) as it relates to agglutination and neutralization as well as antibody-dependent cell killing, and think of Cellular (cell-mediated) as it relates to direct cytotoxicity (cytotoxic T cells) or indirect cytotoxicity as a result of cytokine release from helper T cells; also, T-helper-mediated enhancement of phagocyte activity

-How antigens are processed/displayed (differences between exogenous* vs. endogenous) and which lymphocytes are involved in subsequent recognition of antigen & activation of an immune response (cell-mediated vs. antibody-mediated); characteristics of these lymphocytes concerning receptor/cluster of differentiation (CD) molecules they display

-General structure of antibodies (immunoglobulins) – identify heavy from light chains, constant regions from variable regions, (which portion(s) are critical to antigen recognition?)

-Classes of different antibodies and their functions

-What cytokines are and the roles they play

-What immunological memory is and how it is achieved

*[Point of clarification: exogenous antigen processing can be either 1) T-independent (B cells directly bind antigen via B-cell receptors (membrane bound immunoglobin) and are activated to differentiate into plasma cells without help of T cells) or 2) T-dependent (APCs, including macrophages, dendritic cells, and B cells, are used to display extracellular-originating antigen via MHC class II to bind T-cell receptor & CD4 on the surface of T helper cells (CD4+ T cells) activating them to then facilitate differentiation of B cells into plasma cells). The former scenario yields a purely humoral (antibody-mediated) response while the latter scenario is considered cellular (cell-mediated) in its origins, leading to an eventual humoral response.]